Imaging with Flat-Detector CArm systems

Three-dimensional (3D) C-arm computed tomography is a new and innovative imaging technique. It uses two-dimensional (2D) X-ray projections acquired with a flat-panel detector C-arm angiography system to generate CT-like images. To this end, the C-arm system performs a sweep around the patient, acquiring up to several hundred 2D views. They serve as input for 3D cone-beam reconstruction. Resulting voxel data sets can be visualized either as cross-sectional images or as 3D data sets using different volume rendering techniques. Initially targeted at 3D high-contrast neurovascular applications, 3D C-arm imaging has been continuously improved over the years and is now capable of providing CT-like soft-tissue image quality. In combination with 2D fluoroscopic or radiographic imaging, information provided by 3D C-arm imaging can be valuable for therapy planning, guidance, and outcome assessment all in the interventional suite. N. Strobel, PhD, O. Meissner, MD, J. Boese, PhD, T. Brunner, PhD, B. HeiGl, PhD, M. Hoheisel, PhD, G. Lauritsch, PhD, M. Pfister, PhD, E.-P. Rührnschopf, B. Scholz, PhD, B. Schreiber, PhD, M. Spahn, PhD, M. Zellerhoff, PhD, and K. KlinGenbeck-ReGn, PhD Siemens AG, Healthcare Sector, MED AX, Siemensstrasse 1, 91301 Forchheim, Germany Imaging with Flat-Detector C-Arm systems Norbert Strobel, Oliver Meissner, Jan Boese, Thomas Brunner, Benno HeiGl, Martin Hoheisel, Günter Lauritsch, Markus NaGel, Marcus Pfister, Ernst-Peter Rührnschopf, BernharD Scholz, BernD Schreiber, Martin Spahn, Michael Zellerhoff and Klaus KlinGenbeck-ReGn 3 3D

[1]  J A Noble,et al.  Assessment of a technique for 2D-3D registration of cerebral intra-arterial angiography. , 2004, The British journal of radiology.

[2]  Nassir Navab,et al.  Dynamic geometrical calibration for 3D cerebral angiography , 1996, Medical Imaging.

[3]  Rebecca Fahrig,et al.  Dose and image quality for a cone-beam C-arm CT system. , 2006, Medical physics.

[4]  Cao Huicun.  Comparison of 2D and 3D Digital Subtraction Angiography in Evaluation of Intracranial Aneurysms , 2006 .

[5]  J Yorkston,et al.  Empirical investigation of the signal performance of a high-resolution, indirect detection, active matrix flat-panel imager (AMFPI) for fluoroscopic and radiographic operation. , 1997, Medical physics.

[6]  Willi A. Kalender,et al.  Needle and catheter navigation using electromagnetic tracking for computer-assisted C-arm CT interventions , 2007, SPIE Medical Imaging.

[7]  Hesham Morsi,et al.  Angiographic CT in cerebrovascular stenting. , 2005, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[8]  Martin Choquette,et al.  Performance of a real-time selenium-based x-ray detector for fluoroscopy , 2001, SPIE Medical Imaging.

[9]  Graeme P. Penney,et al.  Precalibration Versus 2D-3D Registration for 3D Guide Wire Display in Endovascular Interventions , 2004, MICCAI.

[10]  A. Berenstein,et al.  The utility of DynaCT in neuroendovascular procedures. , 2006, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[11]  D. Holdsworth,et al.  Use of a C-arm system to generate true three-dimensional computed rotational angiograms: preliminary in vitro and in vivo results. , 1997, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[12]  K. terBrugge,et al.  Rotational angiography assessment of cerebral aneurysms. , 1994, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[13]  Thomas Albrecht,et al.  Contrast-Enhanced Abdominal Angiographic CT for Intra-abdominal Tumor Embolization: A New Tool for Vessel and Soft Tissue Visualization , 2007, CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology.

[14]  S. Richard,et al.  A simple, direct method for x-ray scatter estimation and correction in digital radiography and cone-beam CT. , 2005, Medical physics.

[15]  J. Hsieh,et al.  A novel reconstruction algorithm to extend the CT scan field-of-view. , 2004, Medical physics.

[16]  Satoshi Okada,et al.  Performance of a novel 43-cm x 43-cm flat-panel detector with CsI:Tl scintillator , 2004, SPIE Medical Imaging.

[17]  O. Ganslandt,et al.  Flat Panel Detector Angiographic CT for Stent-Assisted Coil Embolization of Broad-Based Cerebral Aneurysms , 2007, American Journal of Neuroradiology.

[18]  Willi A. Kalender,et al.  Electromagnetic tracking system for minimal invasive interventions using a C-arm system with CT option: first clinical results , 2008, SPIE Medical Imaging.

[19]  Thierry Ducourant,et al.  Image quality of a large-area dynamic flat detector: comparison with a state-of-the-art II/TV system , 2002, SPIE Medical Imaging.

[20]  Charles M Strother,et al.  Images in cardiovascular medicine. Angiographic computed tomography for imaging of underdeployed intracranial stent. , 2006, Circulation.

[21]  Horst Aichinger,et al.  Radiation Exposure and Image Quality in X-Ray Diagnostic Radiology , 2004 .

[22]  Anne Rougee,et al.  Geometrical calibration for 3D x-ray imaging , 1993, Medical Imaging.

[23]  J H Siewerdsen,et al.  A performance comparison of flat-panel imager-based MV and kV cone-beam CT. , 2002, Medical physics.

[24]  Y Trousset,et al.  Intracranial aneurysms: clinical value of 3D digital subtraction angiography in the therapeutic decision and endovascular treatment. , 2001, Radiology.

[25]  Rebecca Fahrig,et al.  Estimating 0th and 1st moments in C-arm CT data for extrapolating truncated projections , 2005, SPIE Medical Imaging.

[26]  C H McCollough,et al.  Calculation of effective dose. , 2000, Medical physics.

[27]  F. Moll,et al.  Using three-dimensional rotational angiography for sizing of covered stents. , 2002, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[28]  K J Klose,et al.  Comparison of C-arm CT fluoroscopy and conventional fluoroscopy for percutaneous biliary drainage procedures. , 2000, Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR.

[29]  W A Kalender,et al.  Dose reduction in CT by anatomically adapted tube current modulation. II. Phantom measurements. , 1999, Medical physics.

[30]  H. Brückmann,et al.  Three-dimensional reconstructed rotational digital subtraction angiography in planning treatment of intracranial aneurysms , 2000, European Radiology.

[31]  Cynthia H McCollough.  Automatic exposure control in CT: are we done yet? , 2005, Radiology.

[32]  Günter Lauritsch,et al.  Towards cardiac C-arm computed tomography , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[33]  Herlen Alencar,et al.  Translumbar type II endoleak repair using angiographic CT. , 2006, Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR.

[34]  M. Kachelriess,et al.  Reconstruction from truncated projections in CT using adaptive detruncation , 2005, European Radiology.

[35]  Ruola Ning,et al.  X-ray scatter suppression algorithm for cone-beam volume CT , 2002, SPIE Medical Imaging.

[36]  Falko Busse,et al.  Design and performance of a high-quality cardiac flat detector , 2002, SPIE Medical Imaging.

[37]  Ravi Murthy,et al.  Impact of C-arm CT on hepatic arterial interventions for hepatic malignancies. , 2007, Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR.

[38]  C Picard,et al.  In vivo evaluation of a new system for 3D computerized angiography. , 1994, Physics in medicine and biology.

[39]  Rebecca Fahrig,et al.  Cardiac C-arm CT: 4D non-model based heart motion estimation and its application , 2007, SPIE Medical Imaging.

[40]  Andrew C Larson,et al.  Effect of C-arm angiographic CT on transcatheter arterial chemoembolization of liver tumors. , 2007, Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR.

[41]  I. I. Rushakov,et al.  Computed Tomography , 2019, Compendium of Biomedical Instrumentation.

[42]  Lei Zhu,et al.  Scatter Correction Method for X-Ray CT Using Primary Modulation: Theory and Preliminary Results , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[43]  Timothy A. Brunner,et al.  Low contrast 3D reconstruction from C-arm data , 2005, SPIE Medical Imaging.

[44]  Rebecca Fahrig,et al.  Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation in a polycystic liver facilitated by hybrid cross-sectional/angiographic imaging. , 2006, Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR.

[45]  Nassir Navab,et al.  3D Reconstruction from Projection Matrices in a C-Arm Based 3D-Angiography System , 1998, MICCAI.

[46]  Douglas Albagli,et al.  Performance of a flat-panel cardiac detector , 2001, SPIE Medical Imaging.

[47]  Nations United.  sources and effects of ionizing radiation , 2000 .

[48]  W A Kalender,et al.  Dose reduction in CT by anatomically adapted tube current modulation. I. Simulation studies. , 1999, Medical physics.

[49]  D L Parker,et al.  Optimal short scan convolution reconstruction for fanbeam CT. , 1982, Medical physics.

[50]  W. Kalender,et al.  Efficiency of antiscatter grids for flat-detector CT , 2007, Physics in medicine and biology.

[51]  W. Kalender,et al.  Flat-detector computed tomography (FD-CT) , 2007, European Radiology.

[52]  Nassir Navab,et al.  Interventional 3D-angiography: calibration, reconstruction and visualization system , 1998, Proceedings Fourth IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision. WACV'98 (Cat. No.98EX201).

[53]  Andrew G. Davies,et al.  Image quality of digital radiography using flat detector technology , 2003, SPIE Medical Imaging.

[54]  Nassir Navab,et al.  Recovering projection geometry: how a cheap camera can outperform an expensive stereo system , 2000, Proceedings IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. CVPR 2000 (Cat. No.PR00662).

[55]  Uwe Spetzger,et al.  Comparison of three-dimensional rotational angiography with digital subtraction angiography in the assessment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms. , 2002, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[56]  Isaias D. Job,et al.  40 x 30 cm flat-panel imager for angiography, R&F, and cone-beam CT applications , 2001 .

[57]  J. Dinten,et al.  A new method for x-ray scatter correction: first assessment on a cone-beam CT experimental setup , 2007, Physics in medicine and biology.

[58]  W. Kalender,et al.  Combining deterministic and Monte Carlo calculations for fast estimation of scatter intensities in CT , 2006, Physics in medicine and biology.

[59]  P. Joseph,et al.  A Method for Correcting Bone Induced Artifacts in Computed Tomography Scanners , 1978, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[60]  W H Bush,et al.  Digital subtraction rotational angiography for aneurysms of the intracranial anterior circulation: injection method and optimization. , 1996, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[61]  J H Siewerdsen,et al.  Cone-beam computed tomography with a flat-panel imager: initial performance characterization. , 2000, Medical physics.

[62]  D. Jaffray,et al.  Cone-beam computed tomography with a flat-panel imager: magnitude and effects of x-ray scatter. , 2001, Medical physics.

[63]  B Geiger,et al.  Digital radiography with a large-area, amorphous-silicon, flat-panel X-ray detector system. , 2000, Investigative radiology.

[64]  K. Bae,et al.  Efficient correction for CT image artifacts caused by objects extending outside the scan field of view. , 2000, Medical physics.

[65]  Avinash C. Kak,et al.  Principles of computerized tomographic imaging , 2001, Classics in applied mathematics.

[66]  John A. Rowlands,et al.  Flat Panel Detectors for Digital Radiography , 2000 .

[67]  N. Navab,et al.  Enhanced 3-D-reconstruction algorithm for C-arm systems suitable for interventional procedures , 2000, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[68]  Rainer Graumann,et al.  3D soft tissue imaging with a mobile C-arm , 2007, Comput. Medical Imaging Graph..

[69]  L. Feldkamp,et al.  Practical cone-beam algorithm , 1984 .

[70]  Takeshi Nakaura,et al.  Abdominal CT with low tube voltage: preliminary observations about radiation dose, contrast enhancement, image quality, and noise. , 2005, Radiology.