Internationalisation and international marketing: export behaviour, international marketing strategy and export performance in spanish small and medium-sized enterprises

La presente investigacion tiene por objetivo hacer una aportacion a la literatura en los campos de negocios y marketing internacionales con el fin de arrojar luz sobre el comportamiento y rendimiento exportador de las pequenas y medianas empresas (PYME), enfocandose en el contexto geografico Espanol, uno de los paises Europeos caracterizados tanto por su alta densidad de PYMEs como por su alto numero de empleados posicionados en estas empresas. El crecimiento economico de Espana es en gran medida dependiente de los resultados de la actividad exportadora. A pesar de su relevancia, hay una escasez en terminos de investigacion relacionada al rendimiento exportador de las PYMEs a nivel Espanol, por lo que se destaca la necesidad de llevar a cabo mas estudios en este contexto en particular. En este sentido, la presente tesis identifica y propone para su posterior analisis los siguientes temas de real importancia para explicar el comportamiento y rendimiento exportador de las PYMEs: 1) El papel de las caracteristicas y las percepciones del directivo a la hora de determinar la participacion y expansion de la actividad exportadora, 2) La influencia de los determinantes internos y externos sobre el rendimiento exportador objetivo y sobre la satisfaccion con el resultado exportador; y el potencial impacto de ciertas dimensiones del rendimiento exportador (objetivas) sobre otras dimensiones de rendimiento exportador (subjetivas), 3) Y por ultimo, la influencia del grado de estandardizacion/adaptacion de la estrategia generica de marketing internacional sobre el rendimiento exportador objetivo y la satisfaccion con el resultado exportador, al mismo tiempo que se investigara como esta relacion esta moderada por ciertos determinantes internos y externos. El marco teorico se basa en varios enfoques: el enfoque gradual del fenomeno de la internacionalizacion, la teoria de recursos y capacidades aplicada en el contexto internacional, la teoria de redes y el enfoque de contingencia con respecto a la estrategia de marketing internacional. Para la realizacion de esta tesis se emplearon tanto la metodologia cualitativa (Capitulo 1) asi como la cuantitativa (Capitulos 2 y 3). Mediante el empleo de la metodologia cualitativa, basada en estudios de caso, se logro una profunda comprension del proceso de internacionalizacion de las PYMES Espanolas. Por consiguiente, se ha desarrollado un cuestionario estructurado con el proposito llevar a cabo el estudio cuantitativo. Los datos fueron recogidos a traves de una encuesta en linea dirigida a los directivos a cargo de la actividad exportadora de las PYMES Espanolas. Para el tratamiento empirico de los datos recolectados se empleo tanto el analisis univariante como multivariante, empleando el Paquete Estadistico para las Ciencias Sociales (SPSS) y los Modelos de Ecuaciones Estructurales (SEM) - Analisis de Estructuras de Momento. Los resultados muestran que, coincidiendo con la teoria de recursos y capacidades, el papel del directivo, en particular su orientacion internacional, parece ser crucial para la actividad exportadora de las PYMEs. Sin embargo, la influencia de ciertas caracteristicas y percepciones de los directivos parece ser mas importante segun la fase del proceso de internacionalizacion en la cual se encuentra la empresa o tener un impacto mayor en algunos indicadores relacionados al rendimiento exportador. Los resultados tambien revelan la existencia de una relacion positiva entre el rendimiento exportador objetivo (la intensidad exportadora y el numero de mercados y zonas de exportacion) y el rendimiento exportador subjetivo (satisfaccion del directivo con la posicion de exportacion, la rentabilidad de la actividad exportadora y el acceso a nuevos mercados), relacion que no habia sido abordada previamente en la literatura. Por otra parte, los resultados empiricos muestran que el exito en la actividad exportadora puede lograrse mediante el empleo de una estrategia generica de marketing internacional mas estandarizada o bien una estrategia mas localizada. La estandardizacion y la adaptacion no deben considerarse, por si solos, como estrategias puras, sino que deben entenderse desde la perspectiva de la contingencia la cual sugiere la presencia de un equilibrio entre la estandardizacion y la adaptacion de la estrategia de marketing internacional, cuya interaccion daria lugar a mejores resultados de exportacion. Este estudio identifico tres variables contingentes tanto internas como externas, mas concretamente el tamano de la empresa, la intensidad tecnologica de la industria y los factores del entorno que moderan la relacion establecida entre la estrategia generica de marketing internacional y el rendimiento exportador, medido de forma objetiva y subjetiva. En cuanto a las implicaciones para los empresarios, los directivos deben ser conscientes de que actualmente, debido al rapido desarrollo tecnologico junto con la eliminacion de numerosas barreras comerciales, la entrada en mercados extranjeros no es tan arriesgada como solia ser en el pasado, mientras que representa una alternativa viable para el crecimiento de la empresa y la busqueda de mayores beneficios. El papel fundamental en la mejora del rendimiento exportador objetivo esta directamente relacionado con el conocimiento de lenguas extranjeras y de negocios internacionales del directivo, junto con el firme compromiso de la empresa con la actividad exportadora. Por lo tanto, los principales esfuerzos deben dirigirse hacia la adquisicion de estas habilidades, asi como dedicar mas recursos a las operaciones de exportacion, de forma sistematica y organizada. Por consiguiente, los esfuerzos en terminos de politica tambien deben enfocarse a mejorar la orientacion internacional de los directivos con el fin de llevar a buen termino la formulacion y puesta en practica de estrategias de internacionalizacion. Como lineas de investigacion futura seria interesante replicar estudios similares en otros contextos geograficos, de esta manera los resultados de esta tesis podrian ser generalizados a distintos entornos. Ademas, seria aconsejable llevar a cabo un analisis longitudinal, a la vez que se recomienda considerar variables compuestas como, por ejemplo, el grado de orientacion internacional del directivo, la estandardizacion y la adaptacion de la estrategia de marketing internacional o el rendimiento exportador. De esta forma, estas variables multidimensionales podrian ser analizadas desde una perspectiva temporal, lo que permitiria llevar a cabo una investigacion de relaciones causa-efecto.

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