Development of a rating system for surgeons' non‐technical skills

Background  Analyses of adverse events in surgery reveal that many underlying causes are behavioural, such as communication failure, rather than technical. Non‐technical (i.e. cognitive and interpersonal) skills are not addressed explicitly in surgical training. However, surgeons need to demonstrate these skills, which underpin their technical excellence, to maximise patient safety in the operating theatre. This paper describes the method used to identify surgeons' non‐technical skills, and the development of a skills taxonomy and behavioural rating system to structure observation and feedback in surgical training.

[1]  Robert L. Helmreich,et al.  Team performance in the operating room. , 1994 .

[2]  J. C. Flanagan.  Psychological Bulletin THE CRITICAL INCIDENT TECHNIQUE , 2022 .

[3]  Thomas L. Seamster,et al.  Applied Cognitive Task Analysis in Aviation , 1997 .

[4]  Nigel Shadbolt,et al.  Use of the Critical Decision Method to Elicit Expert Knowledge: A Case Study in the Methodology of Cognitive Task Analysis , 1998, Hum. Factors.

[5]  Nancy J. Cooke,et al.  Knowledge Elicitation , 2003 .

[6]  Lynne Martin,et al.  Development of the NOTECHS (non-technical skills) system for assessing pilots’ CRM skills , 2018, Human Factors and Aerospace Safety.

[7]  Rhona Flin,et al.  Rating non-technical skills: developing a behavioural marker system for use in anaesthesia , 2004, Cognition, Technology & Work.

[8]  R. Flin,et al.  Surgeons' Attitudes to Teamwork and Safety , 2004 .

[9]  J. R. Scotti,et al.  Available From , 1973 .

[10]  Sallie E. Gordon,et al.  Systematic training program design : maximizing effectiveness and minimizing liability , 1994 .

[11]  S Undre,et al.  Developing observational measures of performance in surgical teams , 2004, Quality and Safety in Health Care.

[12]  Rhona Flin,et al.  METHODS USED TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FLIGHTCREW CRM TRAINING IN THE UK AVIATION INDUSTRY , 2002 .

[13]  R. Flin,et al.  Non-technical skills for surgeons in the operating room: a review of the literature. , 2006, Surgery.

[14]  A. Spigelman.  Consultant surgeons' opinion of the skills required of basic surgical trainees , 2000, The British journal of surgery.

[15]  R. Flin,et al.  The role of non-technical skills in anaesthesia: a review of current literature. , 2002, British journal of anaesthesia.

[16]  Rainer Dietrich,et al.  Group interaction in high risk environments , 2004 .

[17]  David M Studdert,et al.  Analysis of errors reported by surgeons at three teaching hospitals. , 2003, Surgery.

[18]  Lynne Martin,et al.  Behavioral Markers for Crew Resource Management: A Review of Current Practice , 2001 .

[19]  T. Ganiats.  Human Error in Medicine , 1995 .

[20]  E. Salas,et al.  Linking Expertise and Naturalistic Decision Making , 2001 .

[21]  J. Reason,et al.  Human factors and cardiac surgery: a multicenter study. , 2000, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[22]  Christina Goulding,et al.  Grounded theory , 2015 .

[23]  R. Flin,et al.  Anaesthetists' Non-Technical Skills (ANTS): evaluation of a behavioural marker system. , 2003, British journal of anaesthesia.

[24]  R Flin,et al.  Attitudes to teamwork and safety in the operating theatre. , 2006, The surgeon : journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland.