Investigation of Foscan interactions with plasma proteins.

The present study investigates the interaction of the second generation photosensitizer Foscan with plasma albumin and lipoproteins. Spectroscopic studies indicated the presence of monomeric and aggregated Foscan species upon addition to plasma protein solutions. Kinetics of Foscan disaggregation in albumin-enriched solutions were very sensitive to the protein concentration and incubation temperature. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that two types of Foscan aggregated species could be involved in disaggregation: dimers with a rate constant of k1 = (2.30+/-0.15) x 10(-3) s(-1) and higher aggregates with rate constants varying from (0.55+/-0.04) x 10(-3) s(-1) for the lowest to the (0.17+/-0.02) x 10(-3) s(-1) for the highest albumin concentration. Disaggregation considerably increased with the temperature rise from 15 degrees C to 37 degrees C. Compared to albumin, Foscan disaggregation kinetics in the presence of lipoproteins displayed poorer dependency on lipoprotein concentrations and smaller variations in disaggregation rate constants. Gel-filtration chromatography analysis of Foscan in albumin solutions demonstrated the presence of aggregated fraction of free, non-bound to protein Foscan and monomeric Foscan, bound to protein.

[1]  David Kessel,et al.  Transport, localization, and phototoxicity of m-THPC , 1999, Photonics West - Biomedical Optics.

[2]  E. Gibbs,et al.  Resonance Light Scattering and Its Application in Determining the Size, Shape, and Aggregation Number for Supramolecular Assemblies of Chromophores , 1999 .

[3]  J. E. Lier,et al.  BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF PHTHALOCYANINES. XIII. THE EFFECTS OF HUMAN SERUM COMPONENTS ON THE in vitro UPTAKE AND PHOTODYNAMIC ACTIVITY OF ZINC PHTHALOCYANINE , 1993, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[4]  P. Collings,et al.  Resonance light scattering: a new technique for studying chromophore aggregation , 1995, Science.

[5]  Raymond Bonnett,et al.  Physical and chemical studies related to the development of m-THPC (FOSCAN®) for the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of tumours , 2001 .

[6]  J Moan,et al.  Evaluation of a new photosensitizer, meso‐tetra‐hydroxyphenyl‐chlorin, for use in photodynamic therapy: A comparison of its photobiological properties with those of two other photosensitizers , 1994, International journal of cancer.

[7]  D. Kessel,et al.  TUMOR LOCALIZATION AND PHOTOSENSITIZATION BY SULFONATED DERIVATIVES OF TETRAPHENYLPORPHINE , 1987, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[8]  M C Berenbaum,et al.  Hydroporphyrins of the meso-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin series as tumour photosensitizers. , 1989, The Biochemical journal.

[9]  M. Kongshaug.  Distribution of tetrapyrrole photosensitizers among human plasma proteins. , 1992, The International journal of biochemistry.

[10]  B. Steinberg,et al.  Comparative biodistribution of meta‐Tetra (Hydroxyphenyl) chlorin in multiple species: Clinical implications for photodynamic therapy , 1997, Lasers in surgery and medicine.

[11]  F. Guillemin,et al.  Characterization of Photodegradation of Meta‐tetra (Hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC) in Solution: Biological Consequences in Human Tumor Cells , 1998, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[12]  P. Morlière,et al.  Equilibrium and kinetic studies of the interactions of a porphyrin with low-density lipoproteins. , 2002, Biophysical journal.

[13]  I. Tan,et al.  mTHPC‐mediated photodynamic therapy for early oral squamous cell carcinoma , 2004, International journal of cancer.

[14]  R. Margalit,et al.  THERMODYNAMICS OF THE BINDING OF HEMATOPORPHYRIN ESTER, A HEMATOPORPHYRIN DERIVATIVE‐LIKE PHOTOSENSITIZER, AND ITS COMPONENTS TO HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN, HUMAN HIGH‐DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN AND HUMAN LOW‐DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN , 1993, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[15]  R. K. Chowdhary,et al.  Correlation of photosensitizer delivery to lipoproteins and efficacy in tumor and arthritis mouse models; comparison of lipid-based and Pluronic P123 formulations. , 2003, Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques.

[16]  T. G. Truscott,et al.  Photophysical properties of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(m-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin (m-THPP), 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (m-THPC) and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(m-hydroxyphenyl)bacteriochlorin (m-THPBC): a comparative study , 1999 .

[17]  K. Kuželová,et al.  Kinetics of heme interaction with heme-binding proteins: the effect of heme aggregation state. , 1997, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[18]  T. Dougherty,et al.  Correlation between Site ll‐Specific Human Serum Albumin (HSA) Binding Affinity and Murine in vivo Photosensitizing Efficacy of Some Photofrin Components , 1997, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[19]  C. Hadjur,et al.  Pharmacokinetics of Tetra (m‐hydroxyphenyl)chlorin in Human Plasma and Individualized Light Dosimetry in Photodynamic Therapy , 1998, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[20]  F. Wierrani,et al.  Does the in-vitro efficiency of meso-tetrahydroxy-phenyl-chlorin depend on pre-treatment of sensitizer? , 1997, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.

[21]  E. Reddi,et al.  The role of lipoproteins in the delivery of tumour-targeting photosensitizers. , 1993, The International journal of biochemistry.

[22]  D. Vernon,et al.  Identification and Partial Characterization of an Unusual Distribution of the Photosensitizer meta‐Tetrahydroxyphenyl Chlorin (Temoporfin) in Human Plasma , 1999, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[23]  C. Tanielian,et al.  Quantum yield of singlet oxygen production by monomeric and aggregated forms of hematoporphyrin derivative. , 2001, Free radical biology & medicine.

[24]  T. Dougherty,et al.  HOW DOES PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY WORK? , 1992, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[25]  I. Tan,et al.  Meta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin photodynamic therapy in early-stage squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. , 2003, Archives of otolaryngology--head & neck surgery.

[26]  D. Kessel.  TRANSPORT AND LOCALISATION OF m‐THPC IN VITRO , 1999, International journal of clinical practice.

[27]  J. Moan,et al.  The distribution of porphyrins with different tumour localising ability among human plasma proteins. , 1989, British Journal of Cancer.

[28]  T. Dubbelman,et al.  The characterisation of three substituted zinc phthalocyanines of differing charge for use in photodynamic therapy. A comparative study of their aggregation and photosensitising ability in relation to mTHPC and polyhaematoporphyrin. , 1998, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.

[29]  T. Hasan,et al.  The effects of aggregation, protein binding and cellular incorporation on the photophysical properties of benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A (BPDMA). , 1995, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.

[30]  R. Whelpton,et al.  Binding of temoporfin to the lipoprotein fractions of human serum. , 1995, British journal of clinical pharmacology.

[31]  M. Korbelik,et al.  CELLULAR DELIVERY AND RETENTION OF PHOTOFRIN II: THE EFFECTS OF INTERACTION WITH HUMAN PLASMA PROTEINS , 1991, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[32]  E. Land,et al.  Aggregation effects on the photophysical properties of porphyrins in relation to mechanisms involved in photodynamic therapy. , 1985, Advances in experimental medicine and biology.