Facilitating Adolescents' Constructive Use of Time in One-Parent Families

Many adolescents in 1-parent families experience positive conditions for development. In this article, we use experience sampling data from 101 mother-only families to evaluate factors associated with adolescents' devotion of time to constructive activities, such as reading, sports, creative, and religious activities. Findings show that a set of family management variables, including firm discipline, family routines, and mothers' amount of time spent in child-supportive activities, were associated with adolescents' constructive use of free time. Adolescents' constructive time was also correlated with mothers' time spent reading, participating in religious activities, and watching TV; and with mothers' well-being and cooperation with the nonresident father. These results demonstrate how many families adjust positively to the situation of single parenthood.

[1]  M. Csíkszentmihályi,et al.  Validity and Reliability of the Experience‐Sampling Method , 1987, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[2]  C. Spielberger,et al.  Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory , 1970 .

[3]  P. Millar,et al.  FURSTENBERG, Frank F. Jr., Thomas D. COOK, Jacquelynne ECCLES, Glen H. ELDER, Jr., and Arnold SAMEROFF, MANAGING TO MAKE IT: Urban Families and Adolescent Success , 2002 .

[4]  E. Rubinstein Television and behavior: Research conclusions of the 1982 NIMH report and their policy implications. , 1983 .

[5]  L. Richards The Precarious Survival and Hard-Won Satisfactions of White Single-Parent Families. , 1989 .

[6]  A. Masten,et al.  The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments. Lessons from research on successful children. , 1998, The American psychologist.

[7]  A. Acock,et al.  Singlehood, Marriage, and Remarriage , 1996 .

[8]  K. Jackson,et al.  The CES-D as a screen for depression and other psychiatric disorders in adolescents. , 1991, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[9]  R. Larson Beeping children and adolescents: A method for studying time use and daily experience , 1989, Journal of youth and adolescence.

[10]  E. M. Hetherington,et al.  Should we stay together for the sake of the children , 1999 .

[11]  Robin L. Jarrett,et al.  African American Family and Parenting Strategies in Impoverished Neighborhoods , 1997 .

[12]  Patrick M. O'Malley,et al.  Routine activities and individual deviant behavior , 1996 .

[13]  F. Willits,et al.  Adolescent and adult leisure patterns: A 37‐year follow‐up study , 1989 .

[14]  Sharon Bailin CREATIVITY IN CONTEXT , 2002 .

[15]  C. Meeks,et al.  Children's time in structured and unstructured leisure activities , 1990 .

[16]  R. Cairns,et al.  Do extracurricular activities protect against early school dropout? , 1997, Developmental psychology.

[17]  D. A. Kenny,et al.  The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. , 1986, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[18]  Cynthia J. Schmiege,et al.  Problems and strengths of single-parent families: Implications for practice and policy. , 1993 .

[19]  Factors associated with participation, attrition, and outcome in a smoking cessation program at the workplace. , 1988 .

[20]  R. Feldman Adolescent in the family. , 1968, Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien.

[21]  E. M. Hetherington,et al.  An overview of the Virginia Longitudinal Study of Divorce and Remarriage with a focus on early adolescence. , 1993 .

[22]  N. Gonzales,et al.  Interobserver agreement in the assessment of parental behavior and parent-adolescent conflict: African American mothers, daughters, and independent observers. , 1996, Child development.

[23]  R. Simons Understanding differences between divorced and intact families: Stress, interaction, and child outcome. , 1996 .

[24]  J. Beaman,et al.  The impact of mothers' parenting, involvement by nonresidential fathers, and parental conflict on the adjustment of adolescent children. , 1994 .

[25]  A. Ambert,et al.  Dividing the Child: Social and Legal Dilemmas of Custody , 1993 .

[26]  S. McLanahan,et al.  Mother-Only Families: Problems, Prospects, and Politics. , 1989 .

[27]  S. Oskamp Family Processes and Problems: Social Psychological Aspects , 1986 .

[28]  R. Larson Mothers' time in two-parent and one-parent families: The daily organization of work, time for oneself, and parenting of adolescents , 2001 .

[29]  G. Spitze Women's Employment and Family Relations: A Review. , 1988 .

[30]  John P. Robinson,et al.  What did you do today? Children's use of time, family composition, and the acquisition of social capital. , 1997 .

[31]  M. Donahue,et al.  Religion and the Well‐Being of Adolescents , 1995 .

[32]  D. Alwin,et al.  Athletics, Aspirations, and Attainments. , 1977 .

[33]  P. Amato,et al.  Divorce and psychological stress. , 1991, Journal of health and social behavior.

[34]  G. Brody,et al.  Maternal psychological functioning, family processes, and child adjustment in rural, single-parent, African American families. , 1997, Developmental psychology.

[35]  H. Skinner A multivariate evaluation of the MAST. , 1979, Journal of studies on alcohol.

[36]  E. M. Hetherington,et al.  Effects of divorce on parents and children , 1982 .

[37]  E. M. Hetherington,et al.  Families in transition: Introduction and overview. , 1993 .

[38]  M. Richards,et al.  Maternal employment and the quality of daily experience for young adolescents of single mothers , 1995 .

[39]  R. Larson,et al.  Introduction: The changing life space of early adolescence , 1989, Journal of youth and adolescence.

[40]  C. Webster-Stratton The Relationship of Marital Support, Conflict, and Divorce to Parent Perceptions, Behaviors, and Childhood Conduct Problems. , 1989 .

[41]  M. Selzer The Michigan alcoholism screening test: the quest for a new diagnostic instrument. , 1971, The American journal of psychiatry.

[42]  W. Avison,et al.  Significant life experiences and depression among single and married mothers , 1997 .

[43]  L. Coleman,et al.  Effects of religiosity and racial socialization on subjective stigmatization in African-American adolescents. , 1999, Journal of adolescence.

[44]  J. D. Brown,et al.  Stress and well-being in adolescence: the moderating role of physical exercise. , 1986, Journal of human stress.

[45]  T. Cook,et al.  Managing To Make It: Urban Families and Adolescent Success. Studies on Successful Adolescent Development. , 1999 .

[46]  P. Tolan,et al.  Family relationships, parenting practices, the availability of male family members, and the behavior of inner-city boys in single-mother and two-parent families. , 1998, Child development.

[47]  Dean Keith Simonton,et al.  Greatness: Who Makes History and Why , 1994 .

[48]  G. Burger,et al.  A Factor Analysis of Fifth and Sixth Graders' Reports of Parental Child-Rearing Behavior. , 1971 .

[49]  P. Amato,et al.  Children's Adjustment to Divorce: Theories, Hypotheses, and Empirical Support. , 1993 .

[50]  A. Acock,et al.  Family diversity and well-being , 1995 .

[51]  R. Larson,et al.  How children and adolescents spend time across the world: work, play, and developmental opportunities. , 1999, Psychological bulletin.

[52]  R. McNeal,et al.  Extracurricular activities and high school dropouts. , 1995 .

[53]  P. Margolies,et al.  The revised 56-item CRPBI as a research instrument: Reliability and factor structure. , 1977 .

[54]  R. Larson Toward a psychology of positive youth development. , 2000, The American psychologist.

[55]  L. Steinberg,et al.  Family structure, parenting practices, and adolescent adjustment: An ecological examination. , 1999 .

[56]  Lauren A. Sosniak,et al.  Developing Talent in Young People , 1985 .

[57]  M. DeVault,et al.  Feeding the Family: The Social Organization of Caring as Gendered Work. , 1992 .

[58]  R. Larson,et al.  The Quality of Family Time among Young Adolescents in Single-Parent and Married-Parent Families. , 1991 .

[59]  Robert Kubey,et al.  Changing channels: Early adolescent media choices and shifting investments in family and friends , 1989, Journal of youth and adolescence.

[60]  E. Musil [Working mothers]. , 1959, Medizinische Klinik.

[61]  C. Zick,et al.  The role of economic and demographic factors in explaining time-use of single and married mothers , 1990 .

[62]  Ronald E. Smith,et al.  Coaching the Coaches , 1997 .

[63]  Nancy C. Morrison Successful Single-Parent Families , 1995 .

[64]  Jacquelynne S. Eccles,et al.  Student Council, Volunteering, Basketball, or Marching Band , 1999 .

[65]  Exercise as a buffer of life stress: a prospective study of adolescent health. , 1988, Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association.

[66]  G. Martin,et al.  EXERCISE THERAPY FOR PATIENTS WITH PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS : RESEARCH AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS , 1999 .

[67]  E. Donelson,et al.  Psychology of religion and adolescents in the United States: past to present. , 1999, Journal of adolescence.

[68]  L. Radloff The CES-D Scale , 1977 .