High‐Resolution Surface Velocities and Strain for Anatolia From Sentinel‐1 InSAR and GNSS Data

Measurements of present‐day surface deformation are essential for the assessment of long‐term seismic hazard. The European Space Agency's Sentinel‐1 satellites enable global, high‐resolution observation of crustal motion from Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR). We have developed automated InSAR processing systems that exploit the first ~5 years of Sentinel‐1 data to measure surface motions for the ~800,000 km2 Anatolian region. Our new 3D velocity and strain rate fields illuminate deformation patterns dominated by westward motion of Anatolia relative to Eurasia, localized strain accumulation along the North and East Anatolian Faults, and rapid vertical signals associated with anthropogenic activities and to a lesser extent extension across the grabens of western Anatolia. We show that automatically processed Sentinel‐1 InSAR data can characterize details of the velocity and strain rate fields with high resolution and accuracy over large regions. These results are important for assessing the relationship between strain accumulation and release in earthquakes.

[1]  Yehuda Bock,et al.  Southern California permanent GPS geodetic array: Error analysis of daily position estimates and site velocities , 1997 .

[2]  D. Sandwell,et al.  Coseismic Displacements and Surface Fractures from Sentinel-1 InSAR: 2019 Ridgecrest Earthquakes , 2020 .

[3]  C. Kreemer,et al.  GEAR1: A Global Earthquake Activity Rate Model Constructed from Geodetic Strain Rates and Smoothed Seismicity , 2015 .

[4]  Remko Scharroo,et al.  Generic Mapping Tools: Improved Version Released , 2013 .

[5]  Pietro Milillo,et al.  An aseismic slip transient on the North Anatolian Fault , 2016 .

[6]  E. Fielding,et al.  Applicability of Sentinel‐1 Terrain Observation by Progressive Scans multitemporal interferometry for monitoring slow ground motions in the San Francisco Bay Area , 2017 .

[7]  Zhenhong Li,et al.  Generation of real‐time mode high‐resolution water vapor fields from GPS observations , 2017 .

[8]  Z. Çakır,et al.  Surface creep on the North Anatolian Fault at Ismetpasa, Turkey, 1944–2016 , 2016 .

[9]  C. W. Chen,et al.  Two-dimensional phase unwrapping with use of statistical models for cost functions in nonlinear optimization. , 2001, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[10]  T. Wright,et al.  Satellite geodetic imaging reveals internal deformation of western Tibet , 2012 .

[11]  B. Meade,et al.  Partitioning of Localized and Diffuse Deformation in the Tibetan Plateau from Joint Inversions of Geologic and Geodetic Observations , 2011 .

[12]  Yasser Maghsoudi,et al.  LiCSAR: An Automatic InSAR Tool for Measuring and Monitoring Tectonic and Volcanic Activity , 2020, Remote. Sens..

[13]  F. Tupin,et al.  Time series analysis of Mexico City subsidence constrained by radar interferometry , 2009 .

[14]  J. Nocquet.  Present-day kinematics of the Mediterranean: A comprehensive overview of GPS results , 2012 .

[15]  N. N. Ambraseys,et al.  Some characteristic features of the Anatolian fault zone , 1970 .

[16]  C. Werner,et al.  Radar interferogram filtering for geophysical applications , 1998 .

[17]  Andreas Reigber,et al.  TOPS Interferometry With TerraSAR-X , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[18]  R. Jolivet,et al.  The Transient and Intermittent Nature of Slow Slip , 2020, AGU Advances.

[19]  S. Jónsson,et al.  Block‐like plate movements in eastern Anatolia observed by InSAR , 2014 .

[20]  Marie-Pierre Doin,et al.  Long-term growth of the Himalaya inferred from interseismic InSAR measurement , 2012 .

[21]  A. Hooper,et al.  Inversion of Surface Deformation Data for Rapid Estimates of Source Parameters and Uncertainties: A Bayesian Approach , 2018, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems.

[22]  T. Wright,et al.  Constraining crustal velocity fields with InSAR for Eastern Turkey: Limits to the block‐like behavior of Eastern Anatolia , 2014 .

[23]  M. Métois,et al.  Three‐dimensional displacement field of the 2015 Mw8.3 Illapel earthquake (Chile) from across‐ and along‐track Sentinel‐1 TOPS interferometry , 2016 .

[24]  F. Amelung,et al.  InSAR observations of strain accumulation and fault creep along the Chaman Fault system, Pakistan and Afghanistan , 2016 .

[25]  Göran Ekström,et al.  The global CMT project 2004–2010: Centroid-moment tensors for 13,017 earthquakes , 2012 .

[26]  Malcolm Davidson,et al.  GMES Sentinel-1 mission , 2012 .

[27]  T. Wright,et al.  Earthquake monitoring gets boost from a new satellite , 2015 .

[28]  Geoffrey Blewitt,et al.  A geodetic plate motion and Global Strain Rate Model , 2014 .

[29]  Z. Çakır,et al.  Extent and distribution of aseismic slip on the Ismetpaşa segment of the North Anatolian Fault (Turkey) from Persistent Scatterer InSAR , 2014 .

[30]  Zhenhong Li,et al.  Generic Atmospheric Correction Model for Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Observations , 2018, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth.

[31]  Zhenhong Li,et al.  Interferometric synthetic aperture radar atmospheric correction using a GPS-based iterative tropospheric decomposition model , 2018 .

[32]  Francesco De Zan,et al.  Study of Systematic Bias in Measuring Surface Deformation With SAR Interferometry , 2021, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[33]  James Jackson,et al.  The 1994 Sefidabeh (eastern Iran) earthquakes revisited: new evidence from satellite radar interferometry and carbonate dating about the growth of an active fold above a blind thrust fault , 2006 .

[34]  J. Avouac,et al.  A Geodesy‐ and Seismicity‐Based Local Earthquake Likelihood Model for Central Los Angeles , 2019, Geophysical Research Letters.

[35]  Marie-Pierre Doin,et al.  Spatio-temporal evolution of aseismic slip along the Haiyuan fault, China: Implications for fault frictional properties , 2013 .

[36]  David T. Sandwell,et al.  High‐resolution interseismic velocity data along the San Andreas Fault from GPS and InSAR , 2013 .

[37]  T. Duman,et al.  Active fault database of Turkey , 2018, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering.

[38]  J. C. Savage,et al.  Geodetic determination of relative plate motion in central California , 1973 .

[39]  Semih Ergintav,et al.  InSAR velocity field across the North Anatolian Fault (eastern Turkey): Implications for the loading and release of interseismic strain accumulation , 2014 .

[40]  T. Wright,et al.  InSAR Observations of Low Slip Rates on the Major Faults of Western Tibet , 2004, Science.

[41]  I. O. Bildirici,et al.  Land subsidence in Konya Closed Basin and its spatio-temporal detection by GPS and DInSAR , 2015, Environmental Earth Sciences.

[42]  Tim J. Wright,et al.  Earthquake cycle deformation and the Moho: Implications for the rheology of continental lithosphere , 2013 .

[43]  T. Duman,et al.  An improved earthquake catalogue (M ≥ 4.0) for Turkey and its near vicinity (1900–2012) , 2018, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering.

[44]  J. Nocquet,et al.  Constraints from GPS measurements on the dynamics of deformation in Anatolia and the Aegean , 2016 .

[45]  T. Wright,et al.  Measurement of interseismic strain accumulation across the North Anatolian Fault by satellite radar interferometry , 2001 .

[46]  J. Avouac,et al.  Millenary Mw > 9.0 earthquakes required by geodetic strain in the Himalaya , 2016 .

[47]  T. Wright,et al.  Strain Rate Distribution in South‐Central Tibet From Two Decades of InSAR and GPS , 2019, Geophysical Research Letters.

[48]  Robert J. Geller,et al.  Why earthquake hazard maps often fail and what to do about it , 2012 .

[49]  P. Rosen,et al.  SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR INTERFEROMETRY TO MEASURE EARTH'S SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY AND ITS DEFORMATION , 2000 .

[50]  Yehuda Bock,et al.  Localized and distributed creep along the southern San Andreas Fault , 2014 .

[51]  Robert M. Nadeau,et al.  Potential for larger earthquakes in the East San Francisco Bay Area due to the direct connection between the Hayward and Calaveras Faults , 2015 .

[52]  Milan Lazecký,et al.  LiCSBAS: An Open-Source InSAR Time Series Analysis Package Integrated with the LiCSAR Automated Sentinel-1 InSAR Processor , 2020, Remote. Sens..

[53]  François Renard,et al.  Shallow Creep Along the 1999 Izmit Earthquake Rupture (Turkey) From GPS and High Temporal Resolution Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Data (2011–2017) , 2019, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth.

[54]  T. Wright,et al.  Illuminating subduction zone rheological properties in the wake of a giant earthquake , 2019, Science Advances.

[55]  Fabiana Calò,et al.  DInSAR-Based Detection of Land Subsidence and Correlation with Groundwater Depletion in Konya Plain, Turkey , 2017, Remote. Sens..

[56]  Robert Tibshirani,et al.  Bootstrap Methods for Standard Errors, Confidence Intervals, and Other Measures of Statistical Accuracy , 1986 .

[57]  Peter Molnar,et al.  Earthquake recurrence intervals and plate tectonics , 1979 .

[58]  T.J. Wright,et al.  The role of space-based observation in understanding and responding to active tectonics and earthquakes , 2016, Nature Communications.

[59]  Andrew Hooper,et al.  A Spatially Varying Scaling Method for InSAR Tropospheric Corrections Using a High‐Resolution Weather Model , 2019, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth.

[60]  C. Demets,et al.  Geologically current motion of 56 plates relative to the no‐net‐rotation reference frame , 2011 .

[61]  J. Nocquet,et al.  Deformation of western Turkey from a combination of permanent and campaign GPS data: Limits to block‐like behavior , 2009 .

[62]  Peter Molnar,et al.  Late Quaternary to decadal velocity fields in Asia , 2005 .

[63]  C. W. Chen,et al.  Network approaches to two-dimensional phase unwrapping: intractability and two new algorithms. , 2000, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[64]  D. Sandwell,et al.  Interseismic deformation and creep along the central section of the North Anatolian Fault (Turkey): InSAR observations and implications for rate‐and‐state friction properties , 2013 .

[65]  E. Hearn,et al.  What can GPS data tell us about the dynamics of post-seismic deformation? , 2003 .

[66]  Tim J. Wright,et al.  Current plate boundary deformation of the Afar rift from a 3‐D velocity field inversion of InSAR and GPS , 2014 .

[67]  Tim J. Wright,et al.  The earthquake deformation cycle , 2016 .

[68]  D. Melgar,et al.  Rupture kinematics of 2020 January 24 Mw 6.7 Doğanyol-Sivrice, Turkey earthquake on the East Anatolian Fault Zone imaged by space geodesy , 2020 .

[69]  J. C. Savage,et al.  Strain accumulation and rotation in the Eastern California Shear Zone , 2001 .

[70]  Tim J. Wright,et al.  Interseismic strain accumulation across the central North Anatolian Fault from iteratively unwrapped InSAR measurements , 2016 .

[71]  T. Wright,et al.  Toward mapping surface deformation in three dimensions using InSAR , 2004 .

[72]  S. McClusky,et al.  Nubia–Arabia–Eurasia plate motions and the dynamics of Mediterranean and Middle East tectonics , 2011 .

[73]  A. Hooper,et al.  Recent advances in SAR interferometry time series analysis for measuring crustal deformation , 2012 .

[74]  Ryan Lloyd,et al.  Constant strain accumulation rate between major earthquakes on the North Anatolian Fault , 2018, Nature Communications.

[75]  J. Nocquet,et al.  Distribution of Interseismic Coupling Along the North and East Anatolian Faults Inferred From InSAR and GPS Data , 2020, Geophysical Research Letters.

[76]  T. Wright,et al.  The 2014–2015 eruption of Fogo volcano: Geodetic modeling of Sentinel‐1 TOPS interferometry , 2015 .

[77]  G. Houseman,et al.  Constraints from GPS measurements on the dynamics of the zone of convergence between Arabia and Eurasia , 2017 .

[78]  D. Sandwell,et al.  A model of the earthquake cycle along the San Andreas Fault System for the past 1000 years , 2006 .

[79]  David T. Sandwell,et al.  Optimal combination of InSAR and GPS for measuring interseismic crustal deformation , 2010 .

[80]  D. Schmidt.  Time-dependent land uplift and subsidence in the Santa Clara Valley , 2003 .