Language Contact: Why Outsider System Morphemes Resist Transfer

The premise of this paper is that morpheme types differ in related ways in their participation in various types of language contact. The paper focuses on codeswitching, suggesting that the morpheme type that comes from only one of the participating languages in codeswitching also resists transfer or replication across languages in other contact phenomena. This morpheme is called the "outsider" system morpheme under the 4-M model. The paper suggests that its role in structuring clauses across languages in general, along with hypotheses about how different morpheme types become available in language production, offer explanations regarding what can happen in language contact.

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