Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants and Future Control

At the beginning of the 21st century, antimicrobial resistance is common, has developed against every class of antimicrobial drug, and appears to be spreading into new clinical niches. We describe determinants likely to influence the future epidemiology and health impact of antimicrobial-resistant infections. Understanding these factors will ultimately optimize preventive strategies for an unpredictable future.

[1]  S. Soumerai,et al.  Antibiotic use following a Korean national policy to prohibit medication dispensing by physicians. , 2005, Health policy and planning.

[2]  P. Courvalin,et al.  An Emptying Quiver: Antimicrobial Drugs and Resistance , 2005, Emerging infectious diseases.

[3]  J. Campos,et al.  Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance in 1,968 Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae Strains Isolated in Spanish Hospitals (2001 to 2003): Decreasing Penicillin Resistance in Children's Isolates , 2004, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[4]  H. Grundmann,et al.  Trends of penicillin and erythromycin resistance among invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in Europe. , 2004, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[5]  A. MarioCalvo,et al.  Comparison of 8 vs 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults. A randomized trial. Chastre J, Wolff M, Fagon JY, Chevret S et al. JAMA 2003; 290: 2588-98 , 2004 .

[6]  H. Goossens,et al.  Association between antibiotic sales and public campaigns for their appropriate use. , 2004, JAMA.

[7]  David M. Bell,et al.  Public Health Interventions and SARS Spread, 2003 , 2004, Emerging infectious diseases.

[8]  R. Reinert Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines--a European perspective. , 2004, International journal of medical microbiology : IJMM.

[9]  A. Widmer,et al.  Comprehensive strategy to prevent nosocomial spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a highly endemic setting. , 2004, Archives of internal medicine.

[10]  G. Zanetti Acinetobater baumanii Epidemic in a Burn Unit (BU): Usefulness of Improved Culture Medium to Assess Environmental Contamination , 2004 .

[11]  Outi Lyytikäinen,et al.  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Europe, 1999–2002 , 2004, Emerging infectious diseases.

[12]  B. Cooper,et al.  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospitals and the community: stealth dynamics and control catastrophes. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[13]  F. Marra,et al.  Per capita antibiotic consumption: how does a North American jurisdiction compare with Europe? , 2004, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[14]  S. Ringer,et al.  Quantifying uncertainty: physicians' estimates of infection in critically ill neonates and children. , 2004, Clinical Infectious Diseases.

[15]  W. Bishai,et al.  Antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: what does the future hold? , 2004, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[16]  Marin H Kollef,et al.  A randomized controlled trial of an antibiotic discontinuation policy for clinically suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. , 2004, Chest.

[17]  C. Whitney,et al.  Vaccines as tools against resistance: the example of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. , 2004, Seminars in pediatric infectious diseases.

[18]  M. Christ-Crain,et al.  Effect of procalcitonin-guided treatment on antibiotic use and outcome in lower respiratory tract infections: cluster-randomised, single-blinded intervention trial , 2004, The Lancet.

[19]  Didier Raoult,et al.  What does the future hold for clinical microbiology? , 2004, Nature Reviews Microbiology.

[20]  M. Béné,et al.  Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells and the diagnosis of pneumonia. , 2004, The New England journal of medicine.

[21]  O. Cars,et al.  Weekly Antibiotic Prescribing and Influenza Activity in Sweden: A Study throughout Five Influenza Seasons , 2003, Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases.

[22]  Michel Wolff,et al.  Comparison of 8 vs 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a randomized trial. , 2003, JAMA.

[23]  K. W. Cross,et al.  The reducing incidence of respiratory tract infection and its relation to antibiotic prescribing. , 2003, The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners.

[24]  C. Brun-Buisson,et al.  Outpatient Antibiotic Use and Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Pneumococci in France and Germany: A Sociocultural Perspective , 2002, Emerging infectious diseases.

[25]  W. Dunne,et al.  Clinical Microbiology in the Year 2025 , 2002, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[26]  F. LuisBavestrello,et al.  Impacto de medidas regulatorias en la tendencia de consumo comunitario de antibióticos en Chile , 2002 .

[27]  O. Cars,et al.  Antibiotic Prescription Rates Vary Markedly Between 13 European Countries , 2002, Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases.

[28]  D. Goldmann,et al.  Control of multiply resistant cocci: do international comparisons help? , 2001, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[29]  H. Goossens,et al.  ['Evidence-based' perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis policy in Belgian hospitals after a change in the reimbursement system]. , 2001, Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde.

[30]  H. Chambers,et al.  The changing epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus? , 2001, Emerging infectious diseases.

[31]  S. Hugonnet,et al.  Effectiveness of a hospital-wide programme to improve compliance with hand hygiene , 2000, The Lancet.

[32]  M H Samore,et al.  Prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis after cardiovascular surgery and its effect on surgical site infections and antimicrobial resistance. , 2000, Circulation.

[33]  B. Levin,et al.  The biological cost of antibiotic resistance. , 1999, Current opinion in microbiology.

[34]  Claude Carbón,et al.  Regulating the use of antibiotics in the community , 1998, BMJ.

[35]  Mitchell L. Cohen Epidemiology of Drug Resistance: Implications for a Post—Antimicrobial Era , 1992, Science.

[36]  C. Chastel,et al.  [Kwashiorkor due to famine (or to war). 1900 cases]. , 1971, La Presse medicale.

[37]  Y. Chabbert [Bacterial resistance to antibiotics]. , 1952, La Presse medicale.

[38]  P. Noorlander On regulating the use of antibiotics , 2005, Veterinary Science Communications.

[39]  A. Voss,et al.  Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureus in Europe , 2005, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[40]  S. Projan,et al.  Antibacterial drug discovery: is it all downhill from here? , 2004, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[41]  D. Livermore Can better prescribing turn the tide of resistance? , 2004, Nature Reviews Microbiology.

[42]  J. Metlay,et al.  Educational interventions to improve antibiotic use in the community: report from the International Forum on Antibiotic Resistance (IFAR) colloquium, 2002. , 2004, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[43]  F. Waldvogel,et al.  Infectious diseases in the 21st century: old challenges and new opportunities. , 2004, International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases.

[44]  L. Bavestrello,et al.  [Impact of regulatory measures in the trends of community consumption of antibiotics in Chile]. , 2002, Revista medica de Chile.

[45]  A. Reingold Infectious disease epidemiology in the 21st century: will it be eradicated or will it reemerge? , 2000, Epidemiologic reviews.

[46]  M Abbott,et al.  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Europe. , 1992, The Journal of hospital infection.