Teaching coaches to coach holistically: can Problem-Based Learning (PBL) help?

Background: Coaching, as related to improving others' sporting experience and/or performance, at any level is unquestionably a complex business. General agreement exists that the dynamic and intricate nature of the work in teaching, guiding and managing others in this regard precludes any paint-by-number plans that practitioners can easily follow. Consequently, the need to coach holistically, in terms of viewing coaching as a complex social process, which involves a myriad of interacting variables, has increasingly gained recognition. Despite this awareness, more definitive plans about how we can better educate coaches to meet the integrated, pressured and fluid nature of their work have not emerged. Purpose: The aim of this paper is explore a Problem-Based Learning (PBL) approach as one means through which this neglect can be addressed, and the goal of coaching holistically can be realised. Its purpose lies not only in emphasising the interdisciplinary nature of coaching knowledge in practice, and of the need to educate coaches with this in mind, but in actively presenting a way through which this can be done. Participants and setting: PBL was introduced to a final year class of 11 undergraduate students during a two-hour weekly session over the course of a 12-week semester. Design: During Week One the students were introduced to the principles of problem-based learning and of holistic coaching and were divided into working groups, with three or four in each group. At the end of the session each group was given a focal problem or scenario. Week Two opened with intra-group discussions of findings so far, before a set of interruptions (i.e. smaller problems demanding immediate attention) were introduced. This forced them to think decisively under pressure, with little time for lengthy discussion and reflection. This pattern was repeated with second interruptions in Week Three. Week Four then allowed time for the refinement of the students' preferred solutions to their focal problems and for the preparation of related group presentations. Week Five consisted of group presentations to the class, followed by questions. Week Six witnessed the important phase of reflection, consisting of a tutor-led discussion and consideration of the learning derived from the given scenarios. In Week Seven, new groups were formed and organised, and second focal problems were introduced. The first five-week cycle (Weeks Two to Six) was then repeated. Data collection: Data were collected through continuous observations and reflection over the duration of the course, and semi-structured group interviews with the attending 11 students (eight male, three female) at its termination. Each interview was attended by three or four students and lasted approximately 90 minutes. The field notes and interview data were carefully sifted through by both authors to identify common themes. A tentative analysis and concluding thoughts: In respect of the unit's learning outcomes, the students encouragingly reported that it had ‘opened [their] eyes to something new’ (Kerry) and that it provided an explicit opportunity to use some theoretical knowledge ‘for the first time really, in a practical situation’ (Phil). There was also some evidence that the students had begun to think differently about coaching as a result of their PBL experience, in addition to developing a better appreciation of the inherent complexity of coaching which relates to the many interrelated knowledges needed to excel at the activity. There was also greater recognition of the structural constraints upon coaches' role fulfilment and the subsequent limits of their agency. Problems, however, were also encountered, centring principally on the use of peer assessment and the perceived ambiguity in a couple of the presented scenarios. In conclusion, although it carries the possibility to make some defensive and dismissive, we believe that PBL also possesses the potential to help coaches towards the higher goals of transferable knowledge, considered flexibility, critical reflection and lifelong learning—qualities which recent research suggests comprise effective, holistic coaching practice.

[1]  Robyn L. Jones,et al.  Constructing Expert Knowledge: A Case Study of a Top-level Professional Soccer Coach , 2003 .

[2]  D. Schoen.  Educating the reflective practitioner , 1987 .

[3]  Wim H. Gijselaers,et al.  Connecting problem‐based practices with educational theory , 1996 .

[4]  Philip Hallinger,et al.  Problem‐based learning in leadership education , 1996 .

[5]  G. W. Wright,et al.  Concise Oxford dictionary of current english , 1929 .

[6]  R. Glew,et al.  Support of a Problem-Based Learning Curriculum by Basic Science Faculty , 2002, Medical education online.

[7]  Etienne Wenger,et al.  Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity , 1998 .

[8]  Garry Roedler,et al.  Measurements, Standards and Models , 1998 .

[9]  Maggi Savin-Baden.  Problem-based learning : a catalyst for enabling and disabling disjunction prompting transitions in learner stances , 1996 .

[10]  D. Allen,et al.  The power of problem‐based learning in teaching introductory science courses , 1996 .

[11]  Imogen Taylor,et al.  The challenge of problem-based learning , 1997 .

[12]  D. Macdonald,et al.  Physical Education Teacher Education-and the Trend to Proletarianization: A Case Study , 1996 .

[13]  Mike Wallace,et al.  Another bad day at the training ground: Coping with ambiguity in the coaching context , 2005 .

[14]  E. Wenger.  Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity , 1998 .

[15]  D. R. Woods.  Problem-based learning for large classes in chemical engineering , 1996 .

[16]  G. M. D. Marco,et al.  Developing Expertise in Coaching: Learning from the Legends. , 1997 .

[17]  Wim H. Gijselaers,et al.  Bringing Problem-Based Learning To Higher Education: Theory And Practice , 1996 .

[18]  D. Schoen,et al.  The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action , 1985 .

[19]  M Durand,et al.  Practical knowledge in expert coaches: on-site study of coaching in sailing. , 1998, Research quarterly for exercise and sport.

[20]  Tim Dornan,et al.  Clinical teachers and problem‐based learning: a phenomenological study , 2005, Medical education.

[21]  G. Maudsley,et al.  Do we all mean the same thing by "problem-based learning"? A review of the concepts and a formulation of the ground rules. , 1999, Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

[22]  H. Barrows.  Problem‐based learning in medicine and beyond: A brief overview , 1996 .

[23]  R. J. Bogumil,et al.  The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action , 1985, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[24]  D. Bowman,et al.  Emotional responses of tutors and students in problem‐based learning: lessons for staff development , 2005, Medical education.

[25]  Pierre Trudel,et al.  Role of the Coach: How Model Youth Team Sport Coaches Frame Their Roles , 2004 .

[26]  C. Brodsky.  The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research , 1968 .

[27]  Andrew Sparkes,et al.  Research in Physical Education and Sport: Exploring Alternative Visions , 1992 .

[28]  Tim Oates,et al.  Core Skills and Transfer: Aiming High. , 1992 .

[29]  A. Strauss,et al.  The discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research aldine de gruyter , 1968 .

[30]  L. Berkson.  Problem‐based learning: have the expectations been met? , 1993, Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

[31]  Robyn L. Jones,et al.  Toward an Holistic Understanding of the Coaching Process , 2000 .

[32]  Robyn L. Jones,et al.  Sports Coaching Cultures: From Practice to Theory , 2003 .

[33]  Tania Cassidy,et al.  Understanding Sports Coaching: The Social, Cultural and Pedagogical Foundations of Coaching Practice , 2004 .

[34]  Philip Hallinger,et al.  Problem-Based Learning in Medical and Managerial Education. , 1991 .

[35]  G R Norman,et al.  Problem‐solving skills, solving problems and problem‐based learning , 1988, Medical education.

[36]  J. Murdoch,et al.  Effectiveness of problems used in problem‐based learning , 1997, Medical education.

[37]  Communicative Evaluation. Evaluation at the Crossroads. , 1999 .

[38]  F. M.,et al.  The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English , 1929, Nature.

[39]  John Lyle,et al.  Sports Coaching Concepts: A Framework for Coaches' Behaviour , 2002 .

[40]  Bligh,et al.  Problem‐based learning: a coat of many colours , 1998, Medical education.

[41]  L. Mendoza-Morales,et al.  Students’ Assessment of Problems in a Problem-Based Learning Pharmacology Course , 2004, Advances in health sciences education : theory and practice.

[42]  Using Problem-based Learning to Enhance Team and Player Development in Youth Soccer , 2004 .

[43]  L. Shulman.  Knowledge and Teaching: Foundations of the New Reform , 1987 .

[44]  D. Morgan.  Focus groups for qualitative research. , 1988, Hospital guest relations report.

[45]  Wade D. Gilbert,et al.  Learning to coach through experience: reflection in model youth sport coaches. , 2002 .

[46]  K. Engle.  Problem-Based Learning: An Approach to Medical Education , 1981 .

[47]  Robert Sommer,et al.  Experience and Education. , 1974 .

[48]  Christopher J. Cushion,et al.  Coach Education and Continuing Professional Development: Experience and Learning to Coach , 2003 .

[49]  Bob Moon,et al.  Learners and pedagogy , 1999 .