Advances in Nanocatalysts Mediated Biodiesel Production: A Critical Appraisal

The excessive consumption of petroleum resources leads to global warming, fast depletion of petroleum reserves, as well as price instability of gasoline. Thus, there is a strong need for alternative renewable fuels to replace petroleum-derived fuels. The striking features of an alternative fuel include the low carbon footprints, renewability and affordability at manageable prices. Biodiesel, made from waste oils, animal fats, vegetal oils, is a totally renewable and non-toxic liquid fuel which has gained significant attraction in the world. Due to technological advancements in catalytic chemistry, biodiesel can be produced from a variety of feedstock employing a variety of catalysts and recovery technologies. Recently, several ground-breaking advancements have been made in nano-catalyst technology which showed the symmetrical correlation with cost competitive biodiesel production. Nanocatalysts have unique properties such as their selective reactivity, high activation energy and controlled rate of reaction, easy recovery and recyclability. Here, we present an overview of various feedstock used for biodiesel production, their composition and characteristics. The major focus of this review is to appraise the characterization of nanocatalysts, their effect on biodiesel production and methodologies of biodiesel production.

[1]  Khalid Saeed,et al.  Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities , 2017, Arabian Journal of Chemistry.

[2]  H. Bach,et al.  Biodiesel production from Cascabela ovata seed oil , 2019, Bioresource Technology Reports.

[3]  M. B. Silva,et al.  Evaluation of fatty acids production by Chlorella minutissima in batch bubble-column photobioreactor , 2018, Fuel.

[4]  Elio Santacesaria,et al.  From Homogeneous to Heterogeneous Catalysts in Biodiesel Production , 2007 .

[5]  F. Ng,et al.  A kinetic model for a single step biodiesel production from a high free fatty acid (FFA) biodiesel feedstock over a solid heteropolyacid catalyst , 2019, Green Energy & Environment.

[6]  Shuang Wang,et al.  Antioxidative performance and oil-soluble properties of conventional antioxidants in rubber seed oil biodiesel , 2019 .

[7]  F. Morsy,et al.  Two stage biodiesel and hydrogen production from molasses by oleaginous fungi and Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 , 2014 .

[8]  K. Wilson,et al.  Better by design: nanoengineered macroporous hydrotalcites for enhanced catalytic biodiesel production , 2012 .

[9]  Felipe Araújo Calarge,et al.  Reduction in ecological cost through biofuel production from cooking oils: An ecological solution for the city of Campinas, Brazil , 2011 .

[10]  M. E. Borges,et al.  Zeolite Y as a Heterogeneous Catalyst in Biodiesel Fuel Production from Used Vegetable Oil , 2007 .

[11]  S. Erdem,et al.  Magnetic Nano-Sized Solid Acid Catalyst Bearing Sulfonic Acid Groups for Biodiesel Synthesis , 2018, Open Chemistry.

[12]  P. Sun,et al.  Heterogeneous solid base nanocatalyst: preparation, characterization and application in biodiesel production. , 2011, Bioresource technology.

[13]  S. Hosseini,et al.  Study and optimization of conditions of biodiesel production from edible oils using ZnO/BiFeO3 nano magnetic catalyst , 2019, Fuel.

[14]  C. Soccol,et al.  Recent developments in microbial oils production: a possible alternative to vegetable oils for biodiesel without competition with human food? , 2012 .

[15]  M. Tišma,et al.  Scale-up and economic analysis of biodiesel production from recycled grease trap waste , 2018, Applied Energy.

[16]  Rajender S. Varma,et al.  Green chemistry by nano-catalysis , 2010 .

[17]  J. Gardy,et al.  Synthesis of Ti(SO4)O solid acid nano-catalyst and its application for biodiesel production from used cooking oil , 2016 .

[18]  Olivera S. Stamenković,et al.  Application of nano CaO–based catalysts in biodiesel synthesis , 2017 .

[19]  R. Luque,et al.  Advances in Nanocatalyst Design for Biofuel Production , 2018 .

[20]  C. Karthikeyan,et al.  Synthesis of Biodiesel from Neem Oil Using Mg-Al Nano Hydrotalcite , 2013 .

[21]  B. Cheirsilp,et al.  Potential use of flocculating oleaginous yeasts for bioconversion of industrial wastes into biodiesel feedstocks , 2019, Renewable Energy.

[22]  Heyou Han,et al.  Preparation of KF/CaO nanocatalyst and its application in biodiesel production from Chinese tallow seed oil , 2010 .

[23]  Ruengwit Sawangkeaw,et al.  An entirely renewable biofuel production from used palm oil with supercritical ethanol at low molar ratio , 2017 .

[24]  Lin Lin,et al.  Catalysis in biodiesel production—a review , 2019, Clean Energy.

[25]  Jianghua Wang,et al.  Biodiesel production from high acid value waste frying oil catalyzed by superacid heteropolyacid , 2008, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[26]  M. Rajamanickam,et al.  Environmentally Benign Neem Biodiesel Synthesis Using Nano-Zn-Mg-Al Hydrotalcite as Solid Base Catalysts , 2014 .

[27]  Dong Sup Kim,et al.  Biodiesel production by lipases co-immobilized on the functionalized activated carbon , 2019, Bioresource Technology Reports.

[28]  S. Velasquez-Orta,et al.  Wastewater-leachate treatment by microalgae: Biomass, carbohydrate and lipid production. , 2019, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[29]  J. Gardy,et al.  Advances in nano-catalysts based biodiesel production from non-food feedstocks. , 2019, Journal of environmental management.

[30]  C. Nolasco-Hipólito,et al.  An overview of biodiesel production using recyclable biomass and non-biomass derived magnetic catalysts , 2019, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering.

[31]  Reza Fazaeli,et al.  The study of CaO and MgO heterogenic nano-catalyst coupling on transesterification reaction efficacy in the production of biodiesel from recycled cooking oil , 2015, Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering.

[32]  M. Jorquera,et al.  Screening transesterifiable lipid accumulating bacteria from sewage sludge for biodiesel production , 2015, Biotechnology reports.

[33]  C. Frippiat,et al.  Optimization of direct liquid-liquid extraction of lipids from wet urban sewage sludge for biodiesel production , 2018 .

[34]  Min Zhang,et al.  Graphite oxide-supported CaO catalysts for transesterification of soybean oil with methanol. , 2011, Bioresource technology.

[35]  O. Lebedev,et al.  Ion-exchanged zeolite P as a nanostructured catalyst for biodiesel production , 2019, Energy Reports.

[36]  Y. Shul,et al.  Core-shell nanostructured heteropoly acid-functionalized metal-organic frameworks: Bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst for efficient biodiesel production , 2019, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental.

[37]  Muhammad Ayoub,et al.  Optimization of process variables for biodiesel production by transesterification of flaxseed oil and produced biodiesel characterizations , 2019, Renewable Energy.

[38]  Lee Hwei Voon,et al.  Bimetallic Cu-Ni catalysts supported on MCM-41 and Ti-MCM-41 porous materials for hydrodeoxygenation of lignin model compound into transportation fuels , 2017 .

[40]  H. Lee,et al.  Hydrodeoxygenation of dibenzofuran to bicyclic hydrocarbons using bimetallic Cu–Ni catalysts supported on metal oxides , 2016 .

[41]  D. Freire,et al.  Current Status and New Developments of Biodiesel Production Using Fungal Lipases , 2015 .

[42]  B. Sels,et al.  Functionalised heterogeneous catalysts for sustainable biomass valorisation. , 2018, Chemical Society reviews.

[43]  J. Verkade,et al.  Room-Temperature Conversion of Soybean Oil and Poultry Fat to Biodiesel Catalyzed by Nanocrystalline Calcium Oxides , 2006 .

[44]  Z. Predojevic,et al.  Transesterification of linoleic and oleic sunflower oils to biodiesel using CaO as a solid base catalyst , 2012 .

[45]  B. M. Reddy,et al.  Production of Biofuel Additives from Esterification and Acetalization of Bioglycerol over SnO2-Based Solid Acids , 2014 .

[46]  P. Suarez,et al.  Nanosized and reusable SiO2/ZrO2 catalyst for highly efficient biodiesel production by soybean transesterification , 2009 .

[47]  M. Madani,et al.  Single cell oil and its application for biodiesel production , 2017 .

[48]  S. Amalia,et al.  Biodiesel production from castor oil using heterogeneous catalyst KOH/zeolite of natural zeolite Bandung Indonesia , 2019, INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOLOGY AND APPLIED SCIENCE (ICOBAS).

[49]  I. M. Atadashi,et al.  The effects of catalysts in biodiesel production: A review , 2013 .

[50]  R. Fazaeli,et al.  Nanostructured sodium–zeolite imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) doped with potassium by sol–gel processing for biodiesel production from soybean oil , 2016, Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology.

[51]  M. Martínez,et al.  Effect of free fatty acids contents on biodiesel quality. Pilot plant studies , 2016 .

[52]  G. Dönmez,et al.  Efficient approaches to convert Coniochaeta hoffmannii lipids into biodiesel by in-situ transesterification. , 2019, Bioresource technology.

[53]  S. Vero,et al.  Process conditions for a rapid in situ transesterification for biodiesel production from oleaginous yeasts , 2019, Electronic Journal of Biotechnology.

[54]  Lijing Gao,et al.  Biodiesel Synthesis Catalyzed by the KF/Ca−Mg−Al Hydrotalcite Base Catalyst , 2010 .

[55]  Rao Y. Surampalli,et al.  Biodiesel production from heterotrophic microalgae through transesterification and nanotechnology application in the production , 2013 .

[56]  Javad Toghiani,et al.  Magnetic and reusable MgO/MgFe 2 O 4 nanocatalyst for biodiesel production from sunflower oil: Influence of fuel ratio in combustion synthesis on catalytic properties and performance , 2018, Industrial Crops and Products.

[57]  Zhi Li,et al.  Phosphotungstic acid-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles as an efficient and recyclable catalyst for the one-pot production of biodiesel from grease via esterification and transesterification , 2014 .

[58]  F. Hosseini,et al.  Synthesis of some Mg/Co-Al type nano hydrotalcites and characterization , 2017, MethodsX.

[59]  G. Knothe,et al.  The effect of metals and metal oxides on biodiesel oxidative stability from promotion to inhibition , 2018, Fuel Processing Technology.

[60]  D. Aranda,et al.  Biocatalysts based on nanozeolite-enzyme complexes: Effects of alkoxysilane surface functionalization and biofuel production using microalgae lipids feedstock. , 2018, Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.

[61]  Vitor C. Almeida,et al.  Biodiesel from waste frying oils: Methods of production and purification , 2019, Energy Conversion and Management.

[62]  M. Taghizadeh,et al.  Statistical Optimization of the Biodiesel Production Process Using a Magnetic Core-Mesoporous Shell KOH/Fe3 O4 @γ -Al2 O3 Nanocatalyst , 2018, Chemical Engineering & Technology.

[63]  P. Felizardo,et al.  Biodiesel production over thermal activated cerium modified Mg-Al hydrotalcites , 2012 .

[64]  Evangelos G. Giakoumis,et al.  A Comparative Assessment of Biodiesel Cetane Number Predictive Correlations Based on Fatty Acid Composition , 2019, Energies.

[65]  A. Kondo,et al.  How lipase technology contributes to evolution of biodiesel production using multiple feedstocks. , 2018, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[66]  E. Kwon,et al.  Biodiesel synthesis from fish waste via thermally-induced transesterification using clay as porous material. , 2019, Journal of hazardous materials.

[67]  Jianbo Jia,et al.  Mechanistic Understanding of Toxicity from Nanocatalysts , 2014, International journal of molecular sciences.

[68]  N. Rajendiran,et al.  Synthesis of Biodiesel using the Mg/Al/Zn Hydrotalcite/SBA-15 Nanocomposite Catalyst , 2019, ACS Omega.

[69]  Manish Kumar,et al.  Municipal secondary sludge as carbon source for production and characterization of biodiesel from oleaginous bacteria , 2018, Bioresource Technology Reports.

[70]  Aqeel Al-Ani,et al.  Nanostructured Zeolites: The Introduction of Intracrystalline Mesoporosity in Basic Faujasite-Type Catalysts , 2018 .

[71]  S. Piraman,et al.  Biodiesel synthesis by TiO2-ZnO mixed oxide nanocatalyst catalyzed palm oil transesterification process. , 2013, Bioresource technology.

[72]  J. Marchetti,et al.  Possible methods for biodiesel production , 2007 .

[73]  Bhaskar Singh,et al.  Development of biodiesel: Current scenario , 2009 .

[74]  Chanatip Samart,et al.  Biodiesel production in an autoclave reactor using waste palm oil and coconut coir husk derived catalyst , 2019, Renewable Energy.

[75]  Heyou Han,et al.  Nano-magnetic catalyst KF/CaOFe 3O 4 for biodiesel production , 2011 .

[76]  Birgir Norddahl,et al.  A review of the current state of biodiesel production using enzymatic transesterification , 2009, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[77]  J. Gardy,et al.  Biodiesel production from used cooking oil using a novel surface functionalised TiO2 nano-catalyst , 2017 .

[78]  J. Rubim,et al.  Cadmium and Tin Magnetic Nanocatalysts Useful for Biodiesel Production , 2014 .

[79]  João A. P. Coutinho,et al.  Liquid–liquid equilibria for the canola oil biodiesel + ethanol + glycerol system , 2011 .

[80]  Donghai Wang,et al.  Acid-Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticle as Heterogeneous Catalysts for Biodiesel Synthesis , 2015 .

[81]  Mostafa R. Abukhadra,et al.  Synthesis of Na+ trapped bentonite/zeolite-P composite as a novel catalyst for effective production of biodiesel from palm oil; Effect of ultrasonic irradiation and mechanism , 2019, Energy Conversion and Management.

[82]  Hema Ramsurn,et al.  Nanotechnology in Solar and Biofuels , 2013 .

[83]  Shengyang Hu,et al.  Gas-liquid countercurrent integration process for continuous biodiesel production using a microporous solid base KF/CaO as catalyst. , 2012, Bioresource technology.

[84]  G. Baskar,et al.  Optimization and kinetics of biodiesel production from Mahua oil using manganese doped zinc oxide nanocatalyst , 2017 .

[85]  H. Fukuda,et al.  Whole-cell biocatalysts for biodiesel fuel production. , 2008, Trends in biotechnology.

[86]  Mika Sillanpää,et al.  Recent advancement in biodiesel production methodologies using various feedstock: A review , 2018, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.

[87]  Dhiraj Kumar,et al.  Advancement in the Utilization of Nanocatalyst for Transesterification of Triglycerides , 2018 .

[88]  T. Efferth,et al.  Euonymus maackii Rupr. Seed oil as a new potential non-edible feedstock for biodiesel , 2019, Renewable Energy.

[89]  Zhen Fang,et al.  Production of biodiesel from Jatropha oil catalyzed by nanosized solid basic catalyst , 2011 .

[90]  E. Lee,et al.  Nano-Immobilized Biocatalysts for Biodiesel Production from Renewable and Sustainable Resources , 2018 .

[91]  G. Baskar,et al.  Synergism of clay with zinc oxide as nanocatalyst for production of biodiesel from marine Ulva lactuca. , 2019, Bioresource technology.

[92]  T. Hasunuma,et al.  Converting oils high in phospholipids to biodiesel using immobilized Aspergillus oryzae whole-cell biocatalysts expressing Fusarium heterosporum lipase , 2016 .

[93]  Fabio Polonara,et al.  A review analyzing the industrial biodiesel production practice starting from vegetable oil refining , 2012 .

[94]  Chao Chen,et al.  Recyclable Li/NaY zeolite as a heterogeneous alkaline catalyst for biodiesel production: Process optimization and kinetics study , 2019, Energy Conversion and Management.

[95]  Md. Nurun Nabi,et al.  The potential of utilising papaya seed oil and stone fruit kernel oil as non-edible feedstock for biodiesel production in Australia—A review , 2019, Energy Reports.

[96]  P. Udomsap,et al.  Modification of calcite by hydration–dehydration method for heterogeneous biodiesel production process: The effects of water on properties and activity , 2010 .

[97]  F. Inambao,et al.  Biodiesel methyl ester production and testing from selected African tropical seed oil feedstocks , 2017 .

[98]  M. Feyzi,et al.  Preparation and kinetic study of magnetic Ca/Fe3O4@SiO2 nanocatalysts for biodiesel production , 2016 .

[99]  Dehua Liu,et al.  Lipase-catalyzed process for biodiesel production: Enzyme immobilization, process simulation and optimization , 2015 .

[100]  Y. Matsumura,et al.  State of the art of biodiesel production under supercritical conditions , 2017 .