Photonic analog-to-digital converters.

This paper reviews over 30 years of work on photonic analog-to-digital converters. The review is limited to systems in which the input is a radio-frequency (RF) signal in the electronic domain and the output is a digital version of that signal also in the electronic domain, and thus the review excludes photonic systems directed towards digitizing images or optical communication signals. The state of the art in electronic ADCs, basic properties of ADCs and properties of analog optical links, which are found in many photonic ADCs, are reviewed as background information for understanding photonic ADCs. Then four classes of photonic ADCs are reviewed: 1) photonic assisted ADC in which a photonic device is added to an electronic ADC to improve performance, 2) photonic sampling and electronic quantizing ADC, 3) electronic sampling and photonic quantizing ADC, and 4) photonic sampling and quantizing ADC. It is noted, however, that all 4 classes of "photonic ADC" require some electronic sampling and quantization. After reviewing all known photonic ADCs in the four classes, the review concludes with a discussion of the potential for photonic ADCs in the future.

[1]  Paul K. L. Yu,et al.  Highly linear photoreceiver design for application to ultrahigh-bandwidth photonic A/D converters , 2000, SPIE Optics + Photonics.

[2]  Bahram Jalali,et al.  Adaptive online calibration in time stretched ADC arrays , 2003, Proceedings of the 20th IEEE Instrumentation Technology Conference (Cat. No.03CH37412).

[3]  J.H. Abeles,et al.  10-GHz ultralow-noise optical sampling stream from a semiconductor diode ring laser , 2001, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[4]  A. S. Bhushan,et al.  30 Gsample/s time-stretch analogue-to-digital converter , 2000 .

[5]  Michael C. Hamilton,et al.  Optical sampling and demultiplexing applied to A/D conversion , 1991, Optics & Photonics.

[6]  B. Jalali,et al.  Femtosecond real-time single-shot digitizer , 2006 .

[7]  H. F. Taylor,et al.  Electro‐optic analog‐to‐digital conversion using channel waveguide modulators , 1978 .

[8]  F. J. Leonberger,et al.  Design and development of a high-speed electrooptic A/D converter , 1979 .

[9]  F. J. Leonberger,et al.  High‐speed InP optoelectronic switch , 1979 .

[10]  G.D.H. King,et al.  Analogue-to-digital conversion using integrated electro-optic interferometers , 1982 .

[11]  George C. Valley,et al.  Photonic analog-to-digital converters: fundamental and practical limits , 2004, SPIE Security + Defence.

[12]  S. Beccue,et al.  Optically clocked track-and-hold for high-speed high-resolution analog-to-digital conversion , 2004, 2004 IEEE International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics (IEEE Cat. No.04EX859).

[13]  R. Fabian Pease,et al.  Photoelectronic analog-to-digital conversion using miniature electron optics: Basic design considerations , 2003 .

[14]  R. Urata,et al.  Ultrafast optoelectronic sample-and-hold using low-temperature-grown GaAs MSM , 2003, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[15]  A. S. Bhushan,et al.  12 Gsample/s wavelength division sampling analogue-to-digital converter , 2000 .

[16]  O. Boyraz,et al.  Real-time A/D conversion at 480 Gsample/s using the phase-diversity photonic time-stretch system , 2004, 2004 IEEE International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics (IEEE Cat. No.04EX859).

[17]  Donald J. Albares,et al.  High-energy and low-jitter picosecond optical pulser for sample and hold , 1998, Optics & Photonics.

[18]  A. M. Prokhorov,et al.  Prototype of an integrated-optics four-digit analog—digital converter , 1982 .

[19]  Michael C. Hamilton,et al.  Extension of electronic A/D converters to multi-gigahertz sampling rates using optical sampling and demultiplexing techniques , 1989, Twenty-Third Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, 1989..

[20]  J. M. Fuster,et al.  Single-sideband modulation in photonic time-stretch analogue-to-digital conversion , 2001 .

[21]  V. Diadiuk,et al.  High-speed InP-based photodetectors , 1983, 1983 International Electron Devices Meeting.

[22]  A. S. Bhushan,et al.  Photonic time stretch and its application to analog-to-digital conversion , 1999 .

[23]  Michael C. Hamilton,et al.  A/D conversion of microwave signals using a hybrid optical/electronic technique , 1991, Defense, Security, and Sensing.

[24]  R. Urata,et al.  Low-temperature growth of GaAs on Si used for ultrafast photoconductive switches , 2004, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics.

[25]  Bahram Jalali,et al.  Time-bandwidth product of the photonic time-stretched analog-to-digital converter , 2003 .

[26]  F. J. Leonberger,et al.  4‐bit 828‐megasample/s electro‐optic guided‐wave analog‐to‐digital converter , 1982 .

[27]  Joseph H. Abeles,et al.  External-cavity semiconductor diode ring laser for application in hybrid optoelectronic analog-to-digital converter , 2001, SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing.

[28]  B Jalali,et al.  Nondispersive wavelength-division sampling. , 1999, Optics letters.

[29]  K. Takizawa,et al.  Analog-to-digital converter: a new type using an electrooptic light modulator. , 1979, Applied optics.

[30]  B. Wooley,et al.  A 40-GHz-bandwidth, 4-bit, time-interleaved A/D converter using photoconductive sampling , 2003, IEEE J. Solid State Circuits.

[31]  A. S. Bhushan,et al.  150 Gsample/s wavelength division sampler with time-stretched output , 1998 .

[32]  Chen S. Tsai,et al.  Electro‐optic analog‐to‐digital converter using channel waveguide Fabry–Perot modulator array , 1983 .

[33]  P.K.L. Yu,et al.  A bridge type optoelectronic sample and hold circuit , 1991, 1991., IEEE International Sympoisum on Circuits and Systems.

[34]  Chen Kuo Sun,et al.  High-speed high-precision optically controlled sample and hold circuit for analog to digital conversion , 1994, Other Conferences.

[35]  David A. B. Miller,et al.  Ultrafast differential sample and hold using low temperature grown GaAs MSM for photonic A/D conversion , 2000, CLEO 2000.

[36]  Willie W. Ng,et al.  Ultra-low jitter mode-locking of Er-fiber laser at 10 GHz and its application in photonic analog-to-digital conversion , 2000, International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics MWP 2000 (Cat. No.00EX430).

[37]  David A. B. Miller,et al.  Photonic A/D conversion using low-temperature-grown GaAs MSM switches integrated with Si-CMOS , 2003 .

[38]  F. Coppinger,et al.  Time-stretched analogue-to-digital conversion , 1998 .

[39]  J. E. Carroll,et al.  10ps optoelectronic sampling system , 1978 .

[40]  R. Helkey,et al.  Phase-encoded optical sampling for analog-to-digital converters , 2000, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[41]  R. Helkey.  Narrow-band optical A/D converter with suppressed second-order distortion , 1999, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[42]  C. H. Cox,et al.  InP Optoelectronic Switches And Their High-Speed Signal-Processiny Applications , 1983, Optics & Photonics.

[43]  F. Leonberger,et al.  2-bit 1 Gsample/s electrooptic guided-wave analog-to-digital converter , 1982, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics.

[44]  Robert H. Walden,et al.  Analog-to-digital converter survey and analysis , 1999, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[45]  George C. Valley.  Photonic analog-to-digital converters. , 2007 .

[46]  Jonathan D. Hares,et al.  Optical replication technique for wideband transient waveform digitization , 1998, Photonics West.

[47]  T. Yilmaz,et al.  High-quality photonic sampling streams from a semiconductor diode ring laser , 2002 .

[48]  J. R. Andrews,et al.  Optically strobed sampling oscilloscope , 1975, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[49]  R. Aldana,et al.  Photoelectronic analog-to-digital conversion: sampling and quantizing at 100 Gs/s , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[50]  Bahram Jalali,et al.  Photonic time-stretched analog-to-digital converter: fundamental concepts and practical considerations , 2003 .

[51]  M.G.F. Wilson,et al.  High-speed electro-optic analogue-digital conversion , 1974 .

[52]  Yan Han,et al.  Demonstration and Analysis of Single Sideband Photonic Time-Stretch System , 2003 .

[53]  M. Currie,et al.  Digitally linearized wide-band photonic link , 2001 .

[54]  M. Currie.  Hybrid photonic analog-to-digital conversion using superconducting electronics , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[55]  J W Goodman,et al.  Combined optical AD conversion and page composition for holographic memory applications. , 1977, Applied optics.

[56]  Anthony E. Siegman,et al.  Proposed method for measuring picosecond pulsewidths and pulse shapes in CW mode-locked lasers , 1970 .

[57]  O. Boyraz,et al.  130-GSa/s photonic analog-to-digital converter with time stretch preprocessor , 2002, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.