Micro‐fuel cell power sources

This paper presents a review and discussion of micro-fuel cell technologies, providing insight into the innovations that have been made to date. Discussion of concepts and results leading towards increased levels of integration and performance for micro-fuel cell systems will elucidate the potential of thin film and microfabrication methods in meeting the challenges and requirements necessary for consumer applications. While the amount of literature in this area is substantial, a representative sampling of key developments will be presented in this paper, in order to gain a sense of the design methodologies being implemented for micro-fuel cell power sources. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

[1]  Shimshon Gottesfeld,et al.  Water and Methanol Uptakes in Nafion Membranes and Membrane Effects on Direct Methanol Cell Performance , 2000 .

[2]  Y. Rhee,et al.  Crossover of formic acid through Nafion® membranes , 2003 .

[3]  Brant A. Peppley,et al.  Methanol–steam reforming on Cu/ZnO/Al2O3. Part 1: the reaction network , 1999 .

[4]  Tristan Pichonat,et al.  Development of porous silicon-based miniature fuel cells , 2005 .

[5]  M. Madou Fundamentals of microfabrication : the science of miniaturization , 2002 .

[6]  S. Narayanan,et al.  Performance of Direct Methanol Fuel Cells with Sputter‐Deposited Anode Catalyst Layers , 1999 .

[7]  Zongping Shao,et al.  A thermally self-sustained micro solid-oxide fuel-cell stack with high power density , 2005, Nature.

[8]  Suk Won Cha,et al.  Development of portable fuel cell arrays with printed-circuit technology , 2003 .

[9]  Suk Won Cha,et al.  Geometric scale effect of flow channels on performance of fuel cells , 2004 .

[10]  Larry J. Markoski,et al.  Microfluidic fuel cell based on laminar flow , 2004 .

[11]  Chenggang Xie,et al.  Development of a 2 W direct methanol fuel cell power source , 2004 .

[12]  Takeshi Hatsuzawa,et al.  Miniature 250 μm Thick Fuel Cell with Monolithically Fabricated Silicon Electrodes , 2004 .

[13]  Derek Dunn-Rankin,et al.  Personal power systems , 2005 .

[14]  Klavs F. Jensen,et al.  A microfabricated suspended-tube chemical reactor for thermally efficient fuel processing , 2003 .

[15]  Evan O. Jones,et al.  Microfuel processor for use in a miniature power supply , 2002 .

[16]  Raymond J. Gorte,et al.  Direct oxidation of hydrocarbons in a solid-oxide fuel cell , 2000, Nature.

[17]  M. Esashi,et al.  Fabrication of novel MEMS-based polymer electrolyte fuel cell architectures with catalytic electrodes supported on porous SiO2 , 2006 .

[18]  Paul J. A. Kenis,et al.  Characterization and application of electrodeposited Pt, Pt/Pd, and Pd catalyst structures for direct formic acid micro fuel cells , 2005 .

[19]  R. S. Besser,et al.  A PDMS micro proton exchange membrane fuel cell by conventional and non-conventional microfabrication techniques , 2004 .

[20]  T. Osaka,et al.  MEMS-based design and fabrication of a new concept micro direct methanol fuel cell (μ-DMFC) , 2004 .

[21]  Chaoyang Wang,et al.  Development and characterization of a silicon-based micro direct methanol fuel cell , 2004 .

[22]  Ching-Han Huang,et al.  Electroforming of metallic bipolar plates with micro-featured flow field , 2005 .

[23]  Supramaniam Srinivasan,et al.  High performance proton exchange membrane fuel cells with sputter-deposited Pt layer electrodes , 1997 .

[24]  Paul J A Kenis,et al.  Air-breathing laminar flow-based microfluidic fuel cell. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[25]  Shimshon Gottesfeld,et al.  Direct methanol fuel cells: progress in cell performance and cathode research , 2002 .

[26]  John Davey,et al.  Recent advances in direct methanol fuel cells at Los Alamos National Laboratory , 2000 .

[27]  Peter Birke,et al.  Fuel cells and batteries: Competition or separate paths? , 2006 .

[28]  R. S. Besser,et al.  Novel microfabrication approaches for directly patterning PEM fuel cell membranes , 2003 .

[29]  Fritz B. Prinz,et al.  The Triple Phase Boundary A Mathematical Model and Experimental Investigations for Fuel Cells , 2005 .

[30]  Bernard Gauthier-Manuel,et al.  Realization of porous silicon based miniature fuel cells , 2006 .

[31]  Peter Enoksson,et al.  A micro direct methanol fuel cell demonstrator , 2004 .

[32]  Jesse S. Wainright,et al.  Microfabricated fuel cells , 2003 .

[33]  J. Alper The Battery: Not Yet a Terminal Case , 2002, Science.

[34]  Nam-Trung Nguyen,et al.  Development of a polymeric micro fuel cell containing laser-micromachined flow channels , 2005 .

[35]  Sossina M. Haile,et al.  Polymer Solid Acid Composite Membranes for Fuel‐Cell Applications , 2000 .

[36]  Jeremy P. Meyers,et al.  Design considerations for miniaturized PEM fuel cells , 2002 .

[37]  Kevin G. Stanley,et al.  A hybrid sequential deposition fabrication technique for micro fuel cells , 2005 .

[38]  Chao-Yang Wang,et al.  An In Situ Method for Determination of Current Distribution in PEM Fuel Cells Applied to a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell , 2003 .

[39]  Su Ha,et al.  A miniature air breathing direct formic acid fuel cell , 2004 .

[40]  Mark A. Shannon,et al.  Acid loaded porous silicon as a proton exchange membrane for micro-fuel cells , 2004 .

[41]  Vijay Modi,et al.  Micromachined silicon structures for free-convection PEM fuel cells , 2005 .

[42]  Thomas Gennett,et al.  Fuel Cell Applications of Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes , 2003 .

[43]  S. Ha,et al.  Direct formic acid fuel cells , 2002 .

[44]  Christopher Hebling,et al.  Fuel Cells for Low Power Applications , 2002 .

[45]  Su Ha,et al.  High power density direct formic acid fuel cells , 2004 .

[46]  D. Reichmuth,et al.  Increasing the performance of high-pressure, high-efficiency electrokinetic micropumps using zwitterionic solute additives , 2003 .

[47]  W. Smyrl,et al.  Miniature fuel cells fabricated on silicon substrates , 2002 .

[48]  Suk Won Cha,et al.  The influence of size scale on the performance of fuel cells , 2004 .

[49]  Nam-Trung Nguyen,et al.  Micromachined polymer electrolyte membrane and direct methanol fuel cells—a review , 2006 .

[50]  Jingrong Yu,et al.  Fabrication of miniature silicon wafer fuel cells with improved performance , 2003 .

[51]  Christopher K. Dyer Fuel cells for portable applications , 2002 .

[52]  Paul J. A. Kenis,et al.  Characterization of Limiting Factors in Laminar Flow-Based Membraneless Microfuel Cells , 2005 .

[53]  Alan F. Jankowski,et al.  Micro-Fabricated Thin-Film Fuel Cells for Portable Power Requirements , 2002 .

[54]  Chao-Yang Wang,et al.  Electrochemical and flow characterization of a direct methanol fuel cell , 2004 .

[55]  Xiang Zhang,et al.  A micro methanol fuel cell operating at near room temperature , 2003 .

[56]  J. Meyers,et al.  Miniature fuel cells for portable power: Design considerations and challenges , 2002 .

[57]  H. Reichl,et al.  Development of a planar micro fuel cell with thin film and micro patterning technologies , 2004 .

[58]  S. A. Barnett,et al.  A direct-methane fuel cell with a ceria-based anode , 1999, Nature.

[59]  William H. Smyrl,et al.  A Miniature Methanol/Air Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell , 1999 .

[60]  Jiujun Zhang,et al.  Design consideration of micro thin film solid-oxide fuel cells , 2005 .

[61]  Suk Won Cha,et al.  Design and fabrication of a micro fuel cell array with “flip-flop” interconnection , 2002 .

[62]  Paul J. A. Kenis,et al.  Microfabrication and characterization of a silicon-based millimeter scale, PEM fuel cell operating with hydrogen, methanol, or formic acid , 2005 .