Blending gear shift strategy design and comparison study for a battery electric city bus with AMT

Abstract To improve the performance of heuristic strategy used in most of the electric city buses equipped with automated manual transmission (AMT) currently, this paper proposes a systematic blending extraction method to optimize and accelerate the shift schedule design process. The crucial related factors, including the shift time, transmission efficiency and various driving cycle features, are considered to assure the online practicability. Dynamic programming (DP) algorithm is applied over featured velocity profiles to explore the global optimal operating points offline. Then k-means clustering algorithm is adopted to extract the explicit optimal shift schedule, where the number of centroids is determined by hierarchical analysis process and a new distance calculation method is performed considering proper weighting factors to blend the shift points from different driving conditions. The stochastical driving cycle is generated randomly from the previous data and is used to validate the comprehensive performance by chassis dynamometer tests. A comparison study is conducted among the proposed and conventional shift strategies. Experimental results demonstrate that the extracted blending strategy can improve the energy consumption significantly and is proved to be efficient, flexible, and online implementable compared to the other strategies.

[1]  M. Gerdts.  Solving mixed‐integer optimal control problems by branch&bound: a case study from automobile test‐driving with gear shift , 2005 .

[2]  Dirk Bosteels,et al.  An Assessment of Emissions from Light-Duty Vehicles using PEMS and Chassis Dynamometer Testing , 2014 .

[3]  B D Satoto,et al.  Integration K-Means Clustering Method and Elbow Method For Identification of The Best Customer Profile Cluster , 2018, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering.

[4]  Hong Chen,et al.  On-line Optimal Control of the Gearshift Command for Multispeed Electric Vehicles , 2017, IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics.

[5]  Ramiro C. Martins,et al.  Gearbox power loss. Part III: Application to a parallel axis and a planetary gearbox , 2015 .

[6]  Ettore Pennestrì,et al.  Efficiency Evaluation of Gearboxes for Parallel Hybrid Vehicles: Theory and Applications , 2012 .

[7]  Y. Zou,et al.  Usage pattern analysis of Beijing private electric vehicles based on real-world data , 2019, Energy.

[8]  Chao Yang,et al.  Application-Oriented Stochastic Energy Management for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Bus With AMT , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[9]  Nong Zhang,et al.  Comprehensive design and optimization of an electric vehicle powertrain equipped with a two-speed dual-clutch transmission , 2017 .

[10]  Jorge Angeles,et al.  The optimal gear-shifting for a multi-speed transmission system for electric vehicles , 2017 .

[11]  Paul D. Walker,et al.  A comparative study energy consumption and costs of battery electric vehicle transmissions , 2016 .

[12]  Xiaoxia Qi,et al.  Deep belief network based k-means cluster approach for short-term wind power forecasting , 2018, Energy.

[13]  Fengchun Sun,et al.  Generation of a driving cycle for battery electric vehicles：A case study of Beijing , 2018 .

[14]  Jorge Angeles,et al.  A Mathematical Model of Multispeed Transmissions in Electric Vehicles in the Presence of Gear Shifting , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[15]  Paul D. Walker,et al.  Gear shift schedule design for multi-speed pure electric vehicles , 2015 .

[16]  Zhenjun Ma,et al.  An agglomerative hierarchical clustering-based strategy using Shared Nearest Neighbours and multiple dissimilarity measures to identify typical daily electricity usage profiles of university library buildings , 2019, Energy.

[17]  Carlo Gorla,et al.  Numerical modeling of the power losses in geared transmissions: Windage, churning and cavitation simulations with a new integrated approach that drastically reduces the computational effort , 2016 .

[18]  Cheng Lin,et al.  Application-Oriented Optimal Shift Schedule Extraction for a Dual-Motor Electric Bus with Automated Manual Transmission , 2018 .

[19]  Xiaohui Liu,et al.  A four-step control algorithm and downshift schedule of a seamless shift transmission equipped on electric vehicles during the regenerative braking process , 2019 .

[20]  Yi-Hsuan Hung,et al.  Optimal strategies of energy management integrated with transmission control for a hybrid electric vehicle using dynamic particle swarm optimization , 2018, Energy.

[21]  Wei Zhang,et al.  Analysis and Modeling of Transmission Efficiency of Vehicle Driveline , 2014 .

[22]  Chao Yang,et al.  Adaptive real-time optimal energy management strategy based on equivalent factors optimization for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle , 2017 .

[23]  Junqiang Xi,et al.  Optimization of Shift Schedule for Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Automated Manual Transmission , 2016 .

[24]  Dongpu Cao,et al.  Fuel economy optimization of power split hybrid vehicles: A rapid dynamic programming approach , 2019, Energy.

[25]  Lifu Li,et al.  Acceleration curve optimization for electric vehicle based on energy consumption and battery life , 2019, Energy.

[26]  Ramiro C. Martins,et al.  Gearbox power loss. Part I: Losses in rolling bearings , 2015 .

[27]  Chao Yang,et al.  Cloud computing-based energy optimization control framework for plug-in hybrid electric bus , 2017 .

[28]  Hong Chen,et al.  Online Shift Schedule Optimization of 2-Speed Electric Vehicle Using Moving Horizon Strategy , 2016, IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics.

[29]  Shuo Zhang,et al.  Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle-based power management of a dual-motor-driven electric bus , 2015 .

[30]  Joško Deur,et al.  Dynamic Programming-based Optimisation of Charging an Electric Vehicle Fleet System Represented by an Aggregate Battery Model , 2015 .

[31]  Zhong-Ping Jiang,et al.  Adaptive Dynamic Programming and Adaptive Optimal Output Regulation of Linear Systems , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[32]  Alex Serrarens,et al.  Optimal gear shift strategies for fuel economy and driveability , 2013 .

[33]  Lino Guzzella,et al.  Topology Optimization for Hybrid Electric Vehicles With Automated Transmissions , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[34]  Hongqiang Guo,et al.  A systematic design and optimization method of transmission system and power management for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle , 2018 .

[35]  Teng Liu,et al.  Predictive vehicle-following power management for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles , 2019, Energy.