Cell cycle and no end

Our knowledge about the molecular circuits regulating the duplication of the genetic material and the subsequent division of a cell into two daughter cells has exploded over the last decade. Aberrations in the regulation of the cell cycle belong to the hallmarks of malignant transformation, leading, in turn, to the development of tumours. After introducing the basics of eukaryotic cell-cycle regulation and describing the four phases of the cell cycle (namely, G1, S, G2 and M) in more detail, alterations of key components of the cell-cycle machinery in human malignancies and their functional consequences are presented. Principally, deregulation of the cell cycle can be caused by unrestricted activity of cell-cycle promoting factors (many oncogenes fall into this class) or by inactivation of inhibitory factors (many tumour suppressor genes belong to this class). Both types of deregulation have been described in human tumours and are discussed in detail. Perspectives concerning the translation of this knowledge into daily routine practice and future applications are discussed at the end. The molecular mechanisms of actual cell division (sister chromatid segregation and cytokinesis) are mentioned only briefly.