Effect of Interfacial Interaction on the Conformational Variation of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) Chains in PVDF/Graphene Oxide (GO) Nanocomposite Fibers and Corresponding Mechanical Properties.

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite fibers were dry-jet wet spun at the GO concentrations of 0, 1, and 2 wt % with respect to the polymer. The as-spun fibers were drawn in the draw ratio (DR) range of 2-6.5, and the correlation between the PVDF chain conformation and the mechanical properties of the fibers upon drawing has been studied by two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy of Fourier-transformed infrared, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and tensile testing. The PVDF/GO nanocomposite fibers exhibited that the mobile PVDF crystals due to the conformational defects and kinks were nucleated because of the polar interaction between PVDF chains and functional groups of GO, whereas the control PVDF fiber showed the conventional conversion of crystal polymorphs (α and γ phases to β phase). As a result, the nanocomposite fiber showed dramatically improved toughness (enhanced by 1123% at a DR of 2 and 120% at a DR of 6.5) as compared to that of the control fiber. Furthermore, the tensile strength and modulus of the PVDF/GO (2 wt %) fiber were 394 MPa and 4.6 GPa, respectively, whereas those of the control PVDF fiber were 295 MPa and 3.9 GPa, respectively.

[1]  Tiandong Zhang,et al.  Excellent energy storage performance and thermal property of polymer-based composite induced by multifunctional one-dimensional nanofibers oriented in-plane direction , 2019, Nano Energy.

[2]  J. Móczó,et al.  Comparison of the reinforcing effect of various micro- and nanofillers in PA6 , 2018, Polymer Testing.

[3]  Tiandong Zhang,et al.  High Energy Storage Density for Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Composites by Introduced Core–Shell CaCu3Ti4O12@Al2O3 Nanofibers , 2018, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering.

[4]  C. Azhari,et al.  Effects of filler size on the mechanical properties of polymer-filled dental composites: A review of recent developments , 2018 .

[5]  G. Zhong,et al.  How Chain Intermixing Dictates the Polymorphism of PVDF in Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/Polymethylmethacrylate Binary System during Recrystallization: A Comparative Study on Core–Shell Particles and Latex Blend , 2017, Polymers.

[6]  A. Yousefi,et al.  The piezoelectric response of electrospun PVDF nanofibers with graphene oxide, graphene, and halloysite nanofillers: a comparative study , 2017, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics.

[7]  Uttandaraman Sundararaj,et al.  Effect of Nanofiller Geometry on Network Formation in Polymeric Nanocomposites: Comparison of Rheological and Electrical Properties of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube and Graphene Nanoribbon , 2017 .

[8]  Chunye Xu,et al.  Significantly enhanced electroactive β phase crystallization and UV-shielding properties in PVDF nanocomposites flexible films through loading of ATO nanoparticles: Synthesis and formation mechanism , 2017 .

[9]  Liwei Lin,et al.  Polymeric Nanofibers with Ultrahigh Piezoelectricity via Self-Orientation of Nanocrystals. , 2017, ACS nano.

[10]  Y. Jung,et al.  Effects of conformational change of polyacrylonitrile on the aging behavior of the solutions in N,N-dimethyl formamide , 2017 .

[11]  X. F. Chen,et al.  Exceptional enhancement of ductility and toughness in poly (VInylidene fluoride)/carbon nanotubes composites , 2016 .

[12]  Pooi See Lee,et al.  Enhanced Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Performance of Flexible PVDF-TrFE Bilayer Films with Graphene Oxide. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[13]  Mangilal Agarwal,et al.  Poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) composite sensors for volatile organic compounds detection in breath , 2015 .

[14]  Yun-Ze Long,et al.  Electrospun Aligned Fibrous Arrays and Twisted Ropes: Fabrication, Mechanical and Electrical Properties, and Application in Strain Sensors , 2015, Nanoscale Research Letters.

[15]  Seung‐Hwan Chang,et al.  Characterization of an electroactive polymer (PVDF-TrFE) film-type sensor for health monitoring of composite structures , 2015 .

[16]  Hao Yu,et al.  Enhanced Power Output of a Triboelectric Nanogenerator Composed of Electrospun Nanofiber Mats Doped with Graphene Oxide , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[17]  K. Liew,et al.  High-Performance Poly(ethylene oxide)/Molybdenum Disulfide Nanocomposite Films: Reinforcement of Properties Based on the Gradient Interface Effect. , 2015, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[18]  Clarisse Ribeiro,et al.  Piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) microstructure and poling state in active tissue engineering , 2015 .

[19]  Zhe Xu,et al.  High-performance coils and yarns of polymeric piezoelectric nanofibers. , 2015, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[20]  G. Zhong,et al.  Simultaneous Reinforcement and Toughening of Carbon Nanotube/Cellulose Conductive Nanocomposite Films by Interfacial Hydrogen Bonding , 2015 .

[21]  V. Tiwari,et al.  Effect of thermal processing conditions on the structure and dielectric properties of PVDF films , 2014, Journal of Polymer Research.

[22]  R. Ruoff,et al.  Poly(vinyl alcohol) reinforced and toughened with poly(dopamine)-treated graphene oxide, and its use for humidity sensing. , 2014, ACS nano.

[23]  A. C. Lopes,et al.  Electroactive phases of poly(vinylidene fluoride) : determination, processing and applications , 2014 .

[24]  S. Wong,et al.  Microstructure development in electrospun carbon nanotube reinforced polyvinylidene fluoride fibers and its influence on tensile strength and dielectric permittivity , 2013 .

[25]  Hao Yu,et al.  Enhanced power output of an electrospun PVDF/MWCNTs-based nanogenerator by tuning its conductivity , 2013, Nanotechnology.

[26]  Elias Siores,et al.  Continuous production of piezoelectric PVDF fibre for e-textile applications , 2013 .

[27]  Yu Chen,et al.  In-situ synchrotron SAXS and WAXS investigations on deformation and α–β transformation of uniaxial stretched poly(vinylidene fluoride) , 2013 .

[28]  El Mokhtar Essassi,et al.  Piezoelectric β-polymorph formation and properties enhancement in graphene oxide – PVDF nanocomposite films , 2012 .

[29]  Qin Zhang,et al.  Synthesize procedures, mechanical and electrical properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanocomposite thin films containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes , 2012 .

[30]  John F. Rabolt,et al.  Molecular Orientation in Electrospun Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Fibers. , 2012, ACS macro letters.

[31]  Chao Wu,et al.  Graphene nanocomposites based on poly(vinylidene fluoride): Structure and properties , 2011 .

[32]  A. Nandi,et al.  Physical properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) composites with polymer functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes using nitrene chemistry , 2011 .

[33]  N. Sharifi-Sanjani,et al.  Investigation of the crystalline structure of PVDF in PVDF/PMMA/graphene polymer blend nanocomposites , 2011 .

[34]  Q. Fu,et al.  Realizing the full nanofiller enhancement in melt-spun fibers of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/carbon nanotube composites , 2011, Nanotechnology.

[35]  Sunhee Lee,et al.  Crystal structure and thermal properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride)-carbon fiber composite films with various drawing temperatures and speeds , 2010 .

[36]  Ho-Nam Lim,et al.  Influence of nano- and micro-filler proportions on the optical property stability of experimental dental resin composites ☆ , 2010 .

[37]  Laurent Pilon,et al.  Pyroelectric energy converter using co-polymer P(VDF-TrFE) and Olsen cycle for waste heat energy harvesting , 2010 .

[38]  Rahul Jain,et al.  Processing, Structure, and Properties of PAN/MWNT Composite Fibers , 2010 .

[39]  Satish Kumar,et al.  Interfacial Crystallization in Gel-Spun Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Composite Fibers , 2009 .

[40]  R. Gregorio,et al.  γ→β Phase transformation induced in poly(vinylidene fluoride) by stretching , 2008 .

[41]  Han Gi Chae,et al.  Stabilization and carbonization of gel spun polyacrylonitrile/single wall carbon nanotube composite fibers , 2007 .

[42]  Ali Akbar Yousefi,et al.  Effect of tensile strain rate and elongation on crystalline structure and piezoelectric properties of PVDF thin films , 2007 .

[43]  T. Uchida,et al.  A comparison of reinforcement efficiency of various types of carbon nanotubes in polyacrylonitrile fiber , 2005 .

[44]  C. Batt,et al.  Dramatic Enhancements in Toughness of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Nanocomposites via Nanoclay‐Directed Crystal Structure and Morphology , 2004 .

[45]  Benjamin Chu,et al.  In-Situ Simultaneous Synchrotron Small- and Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering Measurement of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Fibers under Deformation , 2000 .

[46]  Grant D. Smith,et al.  Conformational Properties of Poly(vinylidene fluoride). A Quantum Chemistry Study of Model Compounds , 1999 .

[47]  G. Teyssedre,et al.  α-Relaxation/retardation mode in semicrystalline polymers with flexible chains , 1994 .

[48]  G. Davies,et al.  X-ray structural study of oriented vinylidene fluoride/trifluoroethylene copolymers , 1992 .

[49]  R. Nath,et al.  Simultaneous stretching and corona poling of PVDF films , 1991 .

[50]  L. J. Fina,et al.  Analysis of trichroic infrared absorption in solids. III. Phase I poly(vinylidene fluride) , 1986 .

[51]  K. Tashiro,et al.  Vibrational spectra and disorder-order transition of poly(vinylidene fluoride) form III , 1981 .

[52]  J. Koenig,et al.  Vibrational analysis of phase III of poly (vinylidene fluoride) , 1981 .

[53]  J. Koenig,et al.  An infrared study of phase-III poly(vinylidene fluoride) , 1979 .

[54]  G. Davies,et al.  Evidence for a new crystal phase in conventionally poled samples of poly(vinylidene fluoride) in crystal form II , 1979 .

[55]  Toshio Nishi,et al.  Melting Point Depression and Kinetic Effects of Cooling on Crystallization in Poly(vinylidene fluoride)-Poly(methyl methacrylate) Mixtures , 1975 .

[56]  Y. Ishida,et al.  Annealing effects in poly(vinylidene fluoride) as revealed by specific volume measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, and electron microscopy , 1973 .

[57]  Masamichi Kobayashi,et al.  Molecular Conformation and Packing of Poly(vinylidene fluoride). Stability of Three Crystalline Forms and the Effect of High Pressure , 1972 .