Atomically defined mechanism for proton transfer to a buried redox centre in a protein

The basis of the chemiosmotic theory is that energy from light or respiration is used to generate a trans-membrane proton gradient. This is largely achieved by membrane-spanning enzymes known as ‘proton pumps’. There is intense interest in experiments which reveal, at the molecular level, how protons are drawn through proteins.Here we report the mechanism, at atomic resolution, for a single long-range electron-coupled proton transfer. In Azotobacter vinelandii ferredoxin I, reduction of a buried iron–sulphur cluster draws in a solvent proton, whereas re-oxidation is ‘gated’ by proton release to the solvent. Studies of this ‘proton-transferring module’ by fast-scan protein film voltammetry, high-resolution crystallography, site-directed mutagenesis and molecular dynamics, reveal that proton transfer is exquisitely sensitive to the position and pK of a single amino acid. The proton is delivered through the protein matrix by rapid penetrative excursions of the side-chain carboxylate of a surface residue (Asp 15), whose pK shifts in response to the electrostatic charge on the iron–sulphur cluster. Our analysis defines the structural, dynamic and energetic requirements for proton courier groups in redox-driven proton-pumping enzymes.