Strong, sustainable and inclusive growth in a new era for China – Paper 2: valuing and investing in physical, human, natural and social capital in the 14th Plan

China is entering a new phase of growth. This paper examines the role of investment in physical, human, natural and social capital in this new phase. The second in a series, it provides the beginnings of an analytical framework for key elements of this new growth story, examining how a focus on the four types of capital can help deliver prosperity through China’s 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025) and Belt and Road Initiative.

[1]  N. Stern,et al.  Strong, sustainable and inclusive growth in a new era for China – Paper 1: challenges and ways forward , 2020 .

[2]  P. Mealy,et al.  Economic Complexity and the Green Economy , 2017, Research Policy.

[3]  N. Stern,et al.  Growth, structural transformation, and the new global agenda: what this means for China and the world , 2019, Handbook on Green Growth.

[4]  Jiang Shigong Jiang Shigong on ‘Philosophy and History: Interpreting the “Xi Jinping Era” through Xi’s Report to the Nineteenth National Congress of the CCP’ , 2019 .

[5]  Ben Westmore Do government transfers reduce poverty in China? Micro evidence from five regions , 2018, China Economic Review.

[6]  R. Burdett,et al.  Shaping Cities in an Urban Age , 2018 .

[7]  Oliver Sartor Implementing coal transitions: insights from case studies of major coal-consuming economies , 2018 .

[8]  J. Chaisse The Belt and Road Initiative in the global trade, investment and finance landscape , 2018, OECD Business and Finance Outlook.

[9]  Bingfang Wu,et al.  Land degradation and restoration in the arid and semiarid zones of China: Quantified evidence and implications from satellites , 2018, Land Degradation & Development.

[10]  Yi Che,et al.  Human Capital, Technology Adoption and Firm Performance: Impacts of China's Higher Education Expansion in the Late 1990s , 2018 .

[11]  S. Managi,et al.  Inclusive Wealth Report 2018 , 2018 .

[12]  Abi Adams Technology and the labour market: the assessment , 2018 .

[13]  Xinbiao Guo,et al.  Health impact of China's Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan: an analysis of national air quality monitoring and mortality data. , 2018, The Lancet. Planetary health.

[14]  Emanuele Campiglio,et al.  Climate change challenges for central banks and financial regulators , 2018, Nature Climate Change.

[15]  E. Jeffreys,et al.  Governing China’s Coal Challenge: Changing Public Policy, Debate and Advocacy , 2018 .

[16]  Delu Wang,et al.  Quota allocation of coal overcapacity reduction among provinces in China , 2018 .

[17]  E. Glaeser,et al.  Jobs for the Heartland: Place-Based Policies in 21st-Century America , 2018 .

[18]  Yongtao Tan,et al.  Identifying the key impact factors of carbon emission in China: Results from a largely expanded pool of potential impact factors , 2018 .

[19]  Q. Wodon,et al.  The changing wealth of nations 2018 : building a sustainable future , 2018 .

[20]  M. Song,et al.  Market competition, green technology progress and comparative advantages in China , 2018 .

[21]  More than 90% of the world’s children breathe toxic air every day , 2018, Saudi Medical Journal.

[22]  H. Turral,et al.  More people, more food, worse water? a global review of water pollution from agriculture , 2018 .

[23]  J. K. Murnighan,et al.  Understanding the trust deficit in China: Mapping positive experience and trust in strangers , 2017 .

[24]  S. Rozelle,et al.  Human Capital and China's Future Growth , 2017 .

[25]  Ben Westmore Do government transfers reduce poverty in China , 2017 .

[26]  C. Hepburn,et al.  National Wealth: What is Missing, Why it Matters , 2017 .

[27]  Lorraine Maltby,et al.  Food production, ecosystem services and biodiversity: We can't have it all everywhere. , 2016, The Science of the total environment.

[28]  Joshua P. Meltzer,et al.  Delivering on sustainable infrastructure for better development and better climate , 2016 .

[29]  Jianxin Wu,et al.  Urban–rural gap and poverty traps in China: A prefecture level analysis , 2016, 1610.05171.

[30]  Eric D. Beinhocker,et al.  The ‘2°C capital stock’ for electricity generation: Committed cumulative carbon emissions from the electricity generation sector and the transition to a green economy , 2016 .

[31]  S. Smulders,et al.  Carbon Lock‐In: The Role of Expectations , 2014 .

[32]  Xun Li,et al.  A new style of urbanization in China: Transformation of urban rural communities , 2016 .

[33]  Bingfang Wu,et al.  Improvements in ecosystem services from investments in natural capital , 2016, Science.

[34]  N. Stern,et al.  The importance of looking forward to manage risks: submission to the Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures , 2016 .

[35]  Jin Han,et al.  China's income inequality in the global context , 2016 .

[36]  M. Sivaraman Natural Capital: Valuing the Planet , 2016 .

[37]  Xiangzheng Deng,et al.  Economics of Land Degradation in China , 2016 .

[38]  James S. Ang,et al.  Trust, Investment, and Business Contracting , 2015, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis.

[39]  M Grubb,et al.  Why Are We Waiting?: The Logic, Urgency, and Promise of Tackling Climate Change , 2015 .

[40]  Paul M. Romer What Parts of Globalization Matter for Catch-Up Growth? [Küreselleþmenin Hangi Kýsýmlarý Yetiþim Büyümesi Ýçin Önemlidir?] , 2015 .

[41]  P. Ekins,et al.  The geographical distribution of fossil fuels unused when limiting global warming to 2 °C , 2015, Nature.

[42]  .. multipleOrCorporateAuthorship Cities chapter: better growth, better climate: the new climate economy report , 2014 .

[43]  Antoine Dechezleprêtre,et al.  Knowledge Spillovers from Clean and Dirty Technologies , 2014 .

[44]  Bo Li,et al.  Human capital estimates in China: New panel data 1985–2010 , 2014 .

[45]  J. Naustdalslid Circular economy in China – the environmental dimension of the harmonious society , 2014 .

[46]  Jessika E Trancik,et al.  Renewable energy: Back the renewables boom , 2014, Nature.

[47]  B. Fraumeni,et al.  Human capital measurement : country experiences and international initiatives , 2014 .

[48]  M. Greenstone,et al.  Evidence on the impact of sustained exposure to air pollution on life expectancy from China’s Huai River policy , 2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[49]  Haizheng Li,et al.  Human Capital in China, 1985–2008 , 2013 .

[50]  J. Haas Removing Mountains: Extracting Nature and Identity in the Appalachian Coalfields , 2013 .

[51]  Kasper Teilmann Measuring Social Capital Accumulation in Rural Development. , 2012 .

[52]  P. Aghion,et al.  Credit Constraints and the Cyclicality of R&D Investment: Evidence from France , 2012 .

[53]  A. Ebenstein The Consequences of Industrialization: Evidence from Water Pollution and Digestive Cancers in China , 2012, Review of Economics and Statistics.

[54]  P. Aghion,et al.  The Environment and Directed Technical Change , 2009, The American economic review.

[55]  Gang Liu Measuring the Stock of Human Capital for Comparative Analysis: An Application of the Lifetime Income Approach to Selected Countries , 2011 .

[56]  Bram Edens,et al.  The changing wealth of nations : measuring sustainable development in the new millennium , 2010 .

[57]  P. Dasgupta A Matter of Trust: Social Capital and Economic Development , 2010 .

[58]  Gianluca Nardone,et al.  Social Capital in the LEADER Initiative: a methodological approach. , 2010 .

[59]  Haizheng Li,et al.  Human Capital in China , 2009 .

[60]  Gerard Delanty The Foundations of Social Theory , 2009 .

[61]  Jun Zhang Estimation of China's provincial capital stock (1952–2004) with applications , 2008 .

[62]  C. Grootaert,et al.  Social capital: the missing link? , 1998, Welfare and Well-being.

[63]  Kirk Hamilton,et al.  Where is the wealth of nations? : measuring capital for the 21st century , 2008 .

[64]  César A. Hidalgo,et al.  The Product Space Conditions the Development of Nations , 2007, Science.

[65]  R. Powell,et al.  Twenty Years on: Has the Economy of the UK Coalfields Recovered? , 2007 .

[66]  Les Oxley,et al.  Measuring the stock of human capital in New Zealand , 2005, Math. Comput. Simul..

[67]  Hao Feng The Applying of Capital Perpetual Inventory Method in China , 2005 .

[68]  Alain Degenne Social capital: a theory of social structure and action , 2004 .

[69]  Lane Kelley,et al.  Special Issue: Trust in an Organizational Context: Levels of Organizational Trust in Individualist Versus Collectivist Societies: A Seven-Nation Study , 2003, Organ. Sci..

[70]  H Yongfeng,et al.  CAPITAL STOCK ESTIMATES IN CHINESE MANUFACTURING BY PERPETUAL INVENTORY APPROACH , 2002 .

[71]  M. Wagner,et al.  Disaggregated capital stock estimation for Austria - methods, concepts and results , 2002 .

[72]  A. Kearns,et al.  Social Cohesion, Social Capital and the Neighbourhood , 2001 .

[73]  Robert J. Barro,et al.  Human Capital and Growth , 2001 .

[74]  Robert D. Putnam,et al.  Bowling alone: the collapse and revival of American community , 2000, CSCW '00.

[75]  M. Paldam Social Capital: One or Many? Definition and Measurement , 2000 .

[76]  Wilbur John Coleman,et al.  The World Technology Frontier , 2000 .

[77]  M. Woolcock,et al.  Social capital: implications for development theory, research, and policy , 2000 .

[78]  C. Muntaner,et al.  Social capital—Is it a good investment strategy for public health? , 2000, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[79]  F. Pérez,et al.  Estimation of the Stock of Capital in Spain , 2000 .

[80]  M. Olson,et al.  Governance and Growth: A Simple Hypothesis Explaining Cross-Country Differences in Productivity Growth , 2000 .

[81]  P. Dasgupta,et al.  Social capital : a multifaceted perspective , 1999 .

[82]  Christopher K. Clague,et al.  Contract-Intensive Money: Contract Enforcement, Property Rights, and Economic Performance , 1999 .

[83]  Daron Acemoglu,et al.  Productivity Differences , 1999 .

[84]  S. Ghoshal,et al.  Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the Organizational Advantage , 1998 .

[85]  Stephen F. Knack,et al.  Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff? A Cross-Country Investigation , 1997 .

[86]  Martin L. Weitzman,et al.  Hybridizing Growth Theory , 1996 .

[87]  Zvi Griliches,et al.  Output Measurement in the Service Sectors. , 1995 .

[88]  Dale W. Jorgenson,et al.  Investment in Education and U.S. Economic Growth , 1992 .

[89]  A. Sen,et al.  Capability and Well-Being , 1991 .

[90]  P. Romer Endogenous Technological Change , 1989, Journal of Political Economy.

[91]  J. Coleman,et al.  Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital , 1988, American Journal of Sociology.

[92]  J. Richardson Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education , 1986 .

[93]  Dale W. Jorgenson,et al.  The Accumulation of Human and Non-human Capital , 1983 .

[94]  David M. Kreps,et al.  Rational cooperation in the finitely repeated prisoners' dilemma , 1982 .

[95]  M. Ward The measurement of capital : the methodology of capital stock estimates in OECD countries , 1976 .

[96]  B. Kiker Investment in human capital , 1971 .

[97]  John Stuart Mill,et al.  Principles of Political Economy: With Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy , 2000 .

[98]  R. Nelson,et al.  Investment in humans, technological diffusion and economic growth , 1965 .

[99]  J. Mincer Investment in Human Capital and Personal Income Distribution , 1958, Journal of Political Economy.

[100]  R. Goldsmith A Perpetual Inventory of National Wealth , 1951 .

[101]  G. Simmel The sociology of Georg Simmel , 1950 .

[102]  Leo Huberman The Accumulation of Capital , 1949 .