Getting your money's worth from filtration

In the 1980s water filtration plant operators may need to remove particulate contaminants, such as asbestos or Giardia cysts, in addition to algae, bacteria, soil particles, viruses, and other particles that filters previously were intended to remove. Even though the contaminants of concern may change, the fundamentals for effective filtration that were stated in earlier years still are valid. Moreover, recently acquired data substantiate recommendations made in the 1960s for granular-media filtration. In this paper techniques for effective operation of diatomaceous earth, rapid granular-media, and slow sand filters are discussed. If filters are operated in a way that results in effective particle removal, the capital investment made to build the filters is returned in the form of high-quality drinking water.

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