Recent Advances in Microwave Imaging for Breast Cancer Detection

Breast cancer is a disease that occurs most often in female cancer patients. Early detection can significantly reduce the mortality rate. Microwave breast imaging, which is noninvasive and harmless to human, offers a promising alternative method to mammography. This paper presents a review of recent advances in microwave imaging for breast cancer detection. We conclude by introducing new research on a microwave imaging system with time-domain measurement that achieves short measurement time and low system cost. In the time-domain measurement system, scan time would take less than 1 sec, and it does not require very expensive equipment such as VNA.

[1]  X. Li,et al.  Confocal microwave imaging for breast cancer detection: localization of tumors in three dimensions , 2002, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[2]  H. J. Kim,et al.  3D microwave breast imaging based on multistatic radar concept system , 2011, 2011 3rd International Asia-Pacific Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (APSAR).

[3]  S. S. Chaudhary,et al.  Dielectric properties of normal & malignant human breast tissues at radiowave & microwave frequencies. , 1984, Indian journal of biochemistry & biophysics.

[4]  E. Jones,et al.  Prefiltered Beamforming for Early-Stage Breast Cancer Detection , 2013, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[5]  R. W. Lau,et al.  The dielectric properties of biological tissues: II. Measurements in the frequency range 10 Hz to 20 GHz. , 1996, Physics in medicine and biology.

[6]  E. Jones,et al.  Hybrid Artifact Removal for Confocal Microwave Breast Imaging , 2014, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[7]  O. Bucci,et al.  Microwave ablation monitoring via microwave tomography: A numerical feasibility assessment , 2016, 2016 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP).

[8]  B.D. Van Veen,et al.  Estimation of the Frequency-Dependent Average Dielectric Properties of Breast Tissue Using a Time-Domain Inverse Scattering Technique , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[9]  Andreas Fhager,et al.  Accuracy Evaluation of Ultrawideband Time Domain Systems for Microwave Imaging , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[10]  R. Benjamin,et al.  A wideband planar antenna for in-body imaging , 2005, 2005 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium.

[11]  S. Kwon,et al.  In-Place Calibration With Single Measurement in Time-Domain Microwave Breast Imaging , 2017, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[12]  Yifan Chen,et al.  Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Radar for Lesion Classification in Ultrawideband Breast Imaging , 2010, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing.

[13]  C. Curtis,et al.  Microwave Breast Imaging With a Monostatic Radar-Based System: A Study of Application to Patients , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[14]  Robert H. Svenson,et al.  Two-dimensional computer analysis of a microwave flat antenna array for breast cancer tomography , 2000 .

[15]  Timothy J Wilt,et al.  Screening for breast cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. , 2009, Annals of internal medicine.

[16]  K D Paulsen,et al.  3D parallel-detection microwave tomography for clinical breast imaging. , 2014, The Review of scientific instruments.

[17]  Dallan Byrne,et al.  Time-Domain Wideband Adaptive Beamforming for Radar Breast Imaging , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[18]  Amir H. Golnabi,et al.  Clinical microwave breast imaging — 2D results and the evolution to 3D , 2009, 2009 International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications.

[19]  Keith D Paulsen,et al.  Microwave imaging for neoadjuvant chemotherapy monitoring: initial clinical experience , 2012, Breast Cancer Research.

[20]  W. Joines,et al.  The measured electrical properties of normal and malignant human tissues from 50 to 900 MHz. , 1994, Medical physics.

[21]  Xia Xiao,et al.  A Compact 4 $\times$ 4 Planar UWB Antenna Array for 3-D Breast Cancer Detection , 2013, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[22]  Wang Zongjie,et al.  A progressive processing method for breast cancer detection via UWB based on an MRI-derived model , 2014 .

[23]  Barry D. Van Veen,et al.  Ultrawideband microwave breast cancer detection: a detection-theoretic approach using the generalized likelihood ratio test , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[24]  Douglas Kurrant,et al.  Evaluating the impact of breast model complexity on microwave imaging signals , 2016, 2016 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP).

[25]  K. Paulsen,et al.  IMPORTANCE OF USING A REDUCED CONTRAST COUPLING MEDIUM IN 2D MICROWAVE BREAST IMAGING , 2003 .

[26]  Jeremie Bourqui,et al.  System for Bulk Dielectric Permittivity Estimation of Breast Tissues at Microwave Frequencies , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[27]  E. Porter,et al.  Time-Domain Multistatic Radar System for Microwave Breast Screening , 2013, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[28]  Mark Coates,et al.  An Early Clinical Study of Time-Domain Microwave Radar for Breast Health Monitoring , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[29]  K. T. Mathew,et al.  ACTIVE MICROWAVE IMAGING FOR BREAST CANCER DETECTION , 2006 .

[30]  Nader Behdad,et al.  A Balun-Free Helical Antenna for Minimally Invasive Microwave Ablation , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[31]  Viktor Krozer,et al.  Experimental phantom for contrast enhanced microwave breast cancer detection based on 3D-printing technology , 2016, 2016 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP).

[32]  Youngwoo Kwon,et al.  Microwave Detection of Metastasized Breast Cancer Cells in the Lymph Node; Potential Application for Sentinel Lymphadenectomy , 2004, Breast Cancer Research and Treatment.

[33]  P.M. Meaney,et al.  Microwave imaging for tissue assessment: initial evaluation in multitarget tissue-equivalent phantoms , 1996, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[34]  Elise C. Fear,et al.  Average Dielectric Property Analysis of Complex Breast Tissue with Microwave Transmission Measurements , 2015, Sensors.

[35]  T. Kikkawa,et al.  IR-UWB-CMOS circuits for breast cancer detection , 2012, 2012 6th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP).

[36]  S. Woolf,et al.  Breast Cancer Screening: A Summary of the Evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force , 2002, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[37]  Renbiao Wu,et al.  Time-delay- and time-reversal-based robust capon beamformers for ultrasound imaging , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[38]  Martin Glavin,et al.  A novel optimized parallelization strategy to accelerate microwave tomography for breast cancer screening , 2014, 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[39]  J. Schwartz,et al.  Improved calibration for an experimental time-domain microwave imaging system , 2013, 2013 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP).

[40]  I. J. Craddock,et al.  Development and testing of a 60-element UWB conformal array for breast cancer imaging , 2011, Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP).

[41]  Paul M. Meaney,et al.  A clinical prototype for active microwave imaging of the breast , 2000 .

[42]  Ioannis Sotiriou,et al.  Balanced antipodal Vivaldi antenna array for microwave tomography , 2014, 2014 IEEE Conference on Antenna Measurements & Applications (CAMA).

[43]  Edward Jones,et al.  Estimating average dielectric properties for microwave breast imaging using focal quality metrics , 2016, 2016 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP).

[44]  R. C. Conceicao,et al.  Initial classification of breast tumour phantoms using a UWB radar prototype , 2013, 2013 International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA).

[45]  A. Taflove,et al.  Two-dimensional FDTD analysis of a pulsed microwave confocal system for breast cancer detection: fixed-focus and antenna-array sensors , 1998, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[46]  Ian J Craddock,et al.  Improved Delay-and-Sum Beamforming Algorithm for Breast Cancer Detection , 2008 .

[47]  A. Preece,et al.  Radar-Based Breast Cancer Detection Using a Hemispherical Antenna Array—Experimental Results , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[48]  Li Xu,et al.  Improved Beamforming Algorithm for Imaging Reconstruction for Early Breast Cancer Detection by UWB , 2013, J. Circuits Syst. Comput..

[49]  Mark Coates,et al.  Imaging-based classification algorithms on clinical trial data with injected tumour responses , 2015, 2015 9th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP).

[50]  A. Preece,et al.  Experimental and clinical results of breast cancer detection using UWB microwave radar , 2008, 2008 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium.

[51]  E. C. Fear,et al.  Average property estimation validation with realistic breast models , 2014, The 8th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2014).

[52]  Martin Glavin,et al.  Data Independent Radar Beamforming Algorithms for Breast Cancer Detection , 2010 .

[53]  Vito Pascazio,et al.  An adaptive multi-threshold iterative shrinkage algorithm for microwave imaging applications , 2016, 2016 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP).

[54]  M. Helbig,et al.  Preliminary investigations of magnetic modulated nanoparticles for microwave breast cancer detection , 2015 .

[55]  Bin Guo,et al.  Multi-Static Adaptive Microwave Imaging for Early Breast Cancer Detection , 2005, Conference Record of the Thirty-Ninth Asilomar Conference onSignals, Systems and Computers, 2005..

[56]  Xu Li,et al.  Microwave imaging via space-time beamforming for early detection of breast cancer , 2002, 2002 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[57]  E.C. Fear,et al.  Tissue Sensing Adaptive Radar for Breast Cancer Detection—Experimental Investigation of Simple Tumor Models , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[58]  Jian Li,et al.  Microwave Imaging Via Adaptive Beamforming Methods for Breast Cancer Detection , 2006 .

[59]  Takamaro Kikkawa,et al.  CMOS equivalent time sampling of Gaussian monocycle pulse for confocal imaging , 2014, 2014 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS) Proceedings.

[60]  K. T. Mathew,et al.  Detection of dielectric contrast of breast tissues using confocal microwave technique , 2005, 2005 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference Proceedings.

[61]  Timothy J Wilt,et al.  Screening for breast cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. , 2009, Annals of internal medicine.

[62]  Paul M. Meaney,et al.  Fast 3-D Tomographic Microwave Imaging for Breast Cancer Detection , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[63]  Parimala Thulasiraman,et al.  Image Reconstruction using Microwave Tomography for Breast Cancer Detection on Distributed Memory Machine , 2007, 2007 International Conference on Parallel Processing (ICPP 2007).

[64]  Jian Li,et al.  Multistatic Adaptive Microwave Imaging for Early Breast Cancer Detection , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[65]  Douglas Kurrant,et al.  Evaluation of 3-D Acquisition Surfaces for Radar-Based Microwave Breast Imaging , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[66]  Soon-Ik Jeon,et al.  Sensing probe for 3¿6 GHz microwave imaging systems , 2014 .

[67]  Miguel Moscoso,et al.  A level set evolution strategy in microwave imaging for early breast cancer detection , 2008, Comput. Math. Appl..

[68]  Parimala Thulasiraman,et al.  Microwave tomography for breast cancer detection on Cell broadband engine processors , 2012, J. Parallel Distributed Comput..

[69]  P.M. van den Berg,et al.  Microwave-tomographic imaging of the high dielectric-contrast objects using different image-reconstruction approaches , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[70]  F. Barnes,et al.  Handbook of biological effects of electromagnetic fields , 2007 .

[71]  Lorenzo Crocco,et al.  Optimal Constrained Field Focusing for Hyperthermia Cancer Therapy: a Feasibility Assessment on Realistic Phantoms , 2010 .

[72]  Robert H. Svenson,et al.  Computational modeling of three-dimensional microwave tomography of breast cancer , 2001, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[73]  M. Lindstrom,et al.  A large-scale study of the ultrawideband microwave dielectric properties of normal breast tissue obtained from reduction surgeries , 2007, Physics in medicine and biology.

[74]  K. Paulsen,et al.  Two-dimensional hybrid element image reconstruction for TM illumination , 1995 .

[75]  Jeremie Bourqui,et al.  A Prototype System for Measuring Microwave Frequency Reflections from the Breast , 2012, Int. J. Biomed. Imaging.

[76]  M. O’Halloran,et al.  Spiking Neural Networks for Breast Cancer Classification Using Radar Target Signatures , 2010 .

[77]  Ian J Craddock,et al.  Microwave Radar-Based Differential Breast Cancer Imaging: Imaging in Homogeneous Breast Phantoms and Low Contrast Scenarios , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[78]  S. Ahsan,et al.  Development of a slotted triangular patch antenna for microwave tomography , 2016, 2016 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP).

[79]  B.D. Van Veen,et al.  An overview of ultra-wideband microwave imaging via space-time beamforming for early-stage breast-cancer detection , 2005, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine.

[80]  T. Kikkawa,et al.  A breast cancer detection system using 198 ps Gaussian monocycle pulse CMOS transmitter and UWB antenna array , 2013, 2013 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Theory.

[81]  R. Benjamin,et al.  Development and application of a UWB radar system for breast imaging , 2008, 2008 Loughborough Antennas and Propagation Conference.

[82]  D. Schaefer,et al.  Microwave power absorption differences between normal and malignant tissue. , 1980, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[83]  Panagiotis Kosmas,et al.  Balanced Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna for microwave tomography , 2014, 2014 4th International Conference on Wireless Mobile Communication and Healthcare - Transforming Healthcare Through Innovations in Mobile and Wireless Technologies (MOBIHEALTH).

[84]  Milica Popovic,et al.  Low-cost hardware for a time-domain microwave system for breast health monitoring , 2016, 2016 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP).

[85]  Jian Li,et al.  Time-delay- and time-reversal-based robust capon beamformers for ultrasound imaging , 2005, IEEE Trans. Medical Imaging.

[86]  M. O’Halloran,et al.  Spiking Neural Networks for Breast Cancer Classification in a Dielectrically Heterogeneous Breast , 2011 .

[87]  D. W. van der Weide,et al.  Microwave imaging via space-time beamforming: experimental investigation of tumor detection in multilayer breast phantoms , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[88]  Andreas Fhager,et al.  Effects of noise on tomographic breast imaging , 2011, 2011 XXXth URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium.

[89]  Daniel Flores-Tapia,et al.  SVM-based classification of breast tumour phantoms using a UWB radar prototype system , 2014, 2014 XXXIth URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium (URSI GASS).

[90]  O. Gandhi,et al.  Temperature rise for the human head for cellular telephones and for peak SARs prescribed in safety guidelines , 2001, 2001 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Sympsoium Digest (Cat. No.01CH37157).

[91]  S.C. Hagness,et al.  A confocal microwave imaging algorithm for breast cancer detection , 2001, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters.

[92]  Gang Wang,et al.  UWB Microwave Imaging for Breast Tumor Detection in Inhomogeneous Tissue , 2005, 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference.

[93]  Charles Polk,et al.  CRC Handbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields , 1986 .

[94]  D. Corfield,et al.  Microwave Tomography for Brain Imaging: Feasibility Assessment for Stroke Detection , 2008 .

[95]  Qing Huo Liu,et al.  Performance analysis for Bayesian microwave imaging in decision aided breast tumor diagnosis , 2002, Proceedings IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging.

[96]  P.M. Meaney,et al.  An active microwave imaging system for reconstruction of 2-D electrical property distributions , 1995, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[97]  Edward Jones,et al.  A Preprocessing Filter for Multistatic Microwave Breast Imaging for Enhanced Tumour Detection , 2014 .

[98]  Edward Jones,et al.  CHANNEL-RANKED BEAMFORMER FOR THE EARLY DETECTION OF BREAST CANCER , 2010 .

[99]  Adam Santorelli,et al.  Breast monitoring via time-domain microwave radar: Early clinical trial study , 2014, 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[100]  Xia Xiao,et al.  Tumor response extraction based on ensemble empirical mode decomposition for early breast cancer detection by UWB , 2014, 2014 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS) Proceedings.

[101]  Mahta Moghaddam,et al.  Microwave Breast Imaging System Prototype with Integrated Numerical Characterization , 2012, Int. J. Biomed. Imaging.

[102]  Viktor Krozer,et al.  Microwave Radar Imaging of Heterogeneous Breast Tissue Integrating A Priori Information , 2014, Int. J. Biomed. Imaging.

[103]  Martin Glavin,et al.  Development of breast and tumour models for simulation of novel multimodal PEM-UWB technique for detection and classification of breast tumours , 2012, 2012 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record (NSS/MIC).

[104]  K. Paulsen,et al.  Initial clinical experience with microwave breast imaging in women with normal mammography. , 2007, Academic radiology.

[105]  Jeremie Bourqui,et al.  Measurement and Analysis of Microwave Frequency Signals Transmitted through the Breast , 2012, Int. J. Biomed. Imaging.

[106]  A. Berg,et al.  Screening for Breast Cancer: Recommendations and Rationale , 2002, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[107]  Ryan J Halter,et al.  The correlation of in vivo and ex vivo tissue dielectric properties to validate electromagnetic breast imaging: initial clinical experience , 2009, Physiological measurement.

[108]  R. Benjamin,et al.  Numerical analysis of microwave detection of breast tumours using synthetic focussing techniques , 2004, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Symposium, 2004..

[109]  L. Jofre,et al.  UWB high-contrast robust tomographic imaging for medical applications , 2009, 2009 International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications.

[110]  Nguyen Duc Thang,et al.  Confocal Microwave Imaging for Breast Cancer Detection: Delay-Multiply-and-Sum Image Reconstruction Algorithm , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[112]  J. D. Shea,et al.  Three-dimensional microwave imaging of realistic numerical breast phantoms via a multiple-frequency inverse scattering technique. , 2010, Medical physics.

[113]  Parimala Thulasiraman,et al.  A Parallel Algorithmic Approach for Microwave Tomography in Breast Cancer Detection , 2007, 2007 IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium.

[114]  Young-Tae Lim,et al.  Microwave Tomography Analysis System for Breast Tumor Detection , 2012, Journal of Medical Systems.

[115]  T. Wilt,et al.  Screening for Breast Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement , 2011 .

[116]  Changzhi Li,et al.  1-D Microwave Imaging of Human Cardiac Motion: An Ab-Initio Investigation , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[117]  Sung-Won Kwon,et al.  Image enhancement with Gaussian filtering in time-domain microwave imaging system for breast cancer detection , 2016 .

[118]  E. Porter,et al.  Investigation of time-domain microwave radar with breast clinic patients , 2016, 2016 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP).

[119]  Christophe Conessa,et al.  Towards a planar Microwave Tomography system for early stage breast cancer detection , 2011, 2011 XXXth URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium.

[120]  K. Paulsen,et al.  Near-field microwave imaging of biologically-based materials using a monopole transceiver system , 1998 .

[121]  Martin Glavin,et al.  Quasi-Multistatic MIST Beamforming for the Early Detection of Breast Cancer , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[122]  Lorenzo Crocco,et al.  An Effective Procedure for MNP-Enhanced Breast Cancer Microwave Imaging , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[123]  Stuchly,et al.  Dielectric properties of breast carcinoma and the surrounding tissues , 1988, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[124]  Seungjun Lee,et al.  Calibration with single measurement in microwave imaging system for breast cancer detection , 2015, 2015 9th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP).

[125]  S. Kwon,et al.  Instantaneous microwave imaging with time-domain measurements for breast cancer detection , 2013 .

[126]  Jean-Jacques Laurin,et al.  On the effect of breast compression and measurement setup configuration in microwave tomography for breast cancer detection , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (APSURSI).

[127]  Jean-Jacques Laurin,et al.  Study of Microwave Tomography Measurement Setup Configurations for Breast Cancer Detection Based on Breast Compression , 2013 .

[128]  J. Edrich,et al.  Microwaves in breast cancer detection. , 1987, European journal of radiology.

[129]  A. Preece,et al.  Microwave Radar-Based Breast Cancer Detection: Imaging in Inhomogeneous Breast Phantoms , 2009, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[130]  Lorenzo Crocco,et al.  Experimental feasibility assessment of MNP enhanced microwave diagnostics of breast cancer , 2016, 2016 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP).

[131]  R C Conceicao,et al.  Novel multimodal PEM-UWB approach for breast cancer detection: Initial study for tumour detection and consequent classification , 2013, 2013 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP).

[132]  Edward Jones,et al.  Detailed evaluation of artifact removal algorithms for radar-based microwave imaging of the breast , 2015 .

[133]  Ian J Craddock,et al.  Numerical investigation of breast tumour detection using multi-static radar , 2003 .

[134]  Xia Xiao,et al.  A Radar-Based Breast Cancer Detection System Using CMOS Integrated Circuits , 2015, IEEE Access.

[135]  Milica Popovic,et al.  An experimental system for time-domain microwave breast imaging , 2011, Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP).

[136]  M. Lindstrom,et al.  A large-scale study of the ultrawideband microwave dielectric properties of normal, benign and malignant breast tissues obtained from cancer surgeries , 2007, Physics in medicine and biology.

[137]  Soon-Ik Jeon,et al.  Preclinical Prototype Development of a Microwave Tomography System for Breast Cancer Detection , 2010 .

[138]  Edward Jones,et al.  Support Vector Machines for the Classification of Early-Stage Breast Cancer Based on Radar Target Signatures , 2010 .

[139]  D. Land,et al.  Dielectric properties of female human breast tissue measured in vitro at 3.2 GHz. , 1992, Physics in medicine and biology.

[140]  Lorenzo Crocco,et al.  Characterization of a laboratory set-up for assessing the feasibility of magnetic nanoparticles enhanced microwave imaging , 2016, 2016 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP).

[141]  Cheong Boon Soh,et al.  UWB Microwave Imaging for Breast Cancer Detection --- Experiments with Heterogeneous Breast Phantoms , 2011 .