Developmental dyspraxia and developmental coordination disorder

This article discusses the role developmental dyspraxia plays in developmental coordination disorder (DCD), based upon a review of literature on apraxia, developmental dyspraxia, and DCD. Apraxia and dyspraxia have often been equated with DCD. However, it is argued that apraxia and dyspraxia primarily refer to the problems of motor sequencing and selection, which not all children with DCD exhibit. The author proposes to distinguish developmental dyspraxia from DCD. Other issues discussed include the assessment, etiology, and treatment of developmental dyspraxia and DCD, and the relationship between DCD and learning disabilities. A research agenda is offered regarding future directions to overcome current limitation.

[1]  J I Laszlo,et al.  Perceptual-motor development and prevention of clumsiness , 1993, Psychological research.

[2]  B. Kaplan,et al.  Reading disability with motor problems may be an inherited subtype. , 1988, Pediatrics.

[3]  J. Meyer,et al.  APRAXIA OF GAIT: A CLINICO-PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY , 1960 .

[4]  A W Mason,et al.  Specific (Developmental) Dyslexia , 1967, Developmental medicine and child neurology.

[5]  M. Schoemaker,et al.  PHYSIOTHERAPY FOR CLUMSY CHILDREN: AN EVALUATION STUDY , 1994, Developmental medicine and child neurology.

[6]  D. Sugden,et al.  The assessment of motor impairment in children with moderate learning difficulties. , 1987, The British journal of educational psychology.

[7]  S. Henderson,et al.  Concomitants of Clumsiness in Young Schoolchildren , 1982, Developmental medicine and child neurology.

[8]  L. Bender.  Problems in conceptualization and communication in children with developmental alexia. , 1963, Proceedings of the annual meeting of the American Psychopathological Association.

[9]  S. Henderson,et al.  Clumsiness in Children‐Do they Grow out Of It? A 10‐Year Follow‐Up Study , 1991, Developmental medicine and child neurology.

[10]  S. Gubbay.  The Management of Developmental Apraxia , 1978, Developmental medicine and child neurology.

[11]  W. Davis,et al.  Assessing Balance in Adapted Physical Education: Fundamental Concepts and Applications , 1992 .

[12]  G. Rarick,et al.  A motor performance typology of boys and girls in the age range 6 to 10 years. , 1975 .

[13]  Ellen M. Kowalski,et al.  Motor Sequencing of Boys with Learning Disabilities: Modeling and Verbal Rehearsal Strategies , 1992 .

[14]  K. Poeck.  The two types of motor apraxia. , 1982, Archives italiennes de biologie.

[15]  H. Liepmann,et al.  Fall von linksseitiger Agraphie und Apraxie bei rechtseitiger Lahmung , 1907 .

[16]  A D B.  Disease in Childhood: , 1936, Nature.

[17]  M. Miyahara.  Subtypes of Students with Learning Disabilities Based upon Gross Motor Functions , 1994 .

[18]  C. Forbes.  PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND RECREATION , 1919 .

[19]  Phillip J. Bairstow,et al.  Perceptual-motor Behaviour: Developmental Assessment and Therapy , 1985 .

[20]  R L Palmer,et al.  NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL DEFICITS IN ADULTS WITH DYSLEXIA , 1991, Developmental medicine and child neurology.

[21]  C. Gielen,et al.  Visuomotor Performance of Normal and Clumsy Children, Fast Goal‐Directed Arm‐Movements with and Without Visual Feedback , 1991, Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology.

[22]  J. I. Laszlo,et al.  Clumsiness or Perceptuo–Motor Dysfunction? , 1988 .

[23]  K. Depauw,et al.  The New Adapted Physical Education: A Developmental Approach , 1989 .

[24]  N. Knuckey,et al.  Computerized axial tomography in clumsy children with developmental apraxia and agnosia , 1983, Brain and Development.

[25]  S. T. Orton.  SPECIFIC READING DISABILITY— STREPHOSYMBOLIA , 1928 .

[26]  Charles M. Eastman,et al.  Out of Step , 1994, Comput. Aided Des..

[27]  A. Ayres,et al.  Sensory Integration and the Child , 1972 .

[28]  D. Glencross,et al.  Information Processing Deficits In Clumsy Children , 1986 .

[29]  J. Walton,et al.  Clumsy children: developmental apraxia and agnosia. , 1962, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[30]  K. Kunze.  Neurophysiologische Grundlagen der Bewegungstherapie unter Berücksichtigung der schlaffen Lähmung und des reflektorischen Hypertonus , 1981 .

[31]  A. Luria.  Higher Cortical Functions in Man , 1980, Springer US.

[32]  H. Polatajko,et al.  A CLINICAL TRIAL OF THE PROCESS‐ORIENTED TREATMENT APPROACH FOR CHILDREN WITH DEVELOPMENTAL CO‐ORDINATION DISORDER , 1995, Developmental medicine and child neurology.

[33]  C. Gillberg,et al.  PERCEPTUAL, MOTOR AND ATTENTIONAL DEFICITS IN SIX‐YEAR‐OLD CHILDREN , 1982, Acta paediatrica Scandinavica.

[34]  M. Kinsbourne.  MINIMAL BRAIN DYSFUNCTION AS A NEURODEVELOPMENTAL LAG , 1973, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[35]  C. Sherrill.  Adapted physical education and recreation : a multidisciplinary approach / Claudine Sherrill , 1984 .

[36]  S. Keele,et al.  Timing and Force Control Deficits in Clumsy Children , 1991, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[37]  J. Kershner,et al.  Effects of Reading and Writing on Cerebral Laterality in Good Readers and Children with Dyslexia , 1991, Journal of learning disabilities.

[38]  Praxis and sequencing skills in children with sensorimotor dysfunction , 1991 .

[39]  P. Rondot,et al.  Apraxia As A Disorder of A System of Signs , 1985 .

[40]  S. Cobb.  Reading, Writing And Speech Problems In Children. By Samuel Torrey Orton, M. D. (Thomas W. Salmon Memorial Lectures.) (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1937.) , 1937 .

[41]  A. Ayres,et al.  Developmental Dyspraxia: Is it a Unitary Function? , 1987 .

[42]  N. Geschwind.  The apraxias: neural mechanisms of disorders of learned movement. , 1975, American scientist.

[43]  W. Sinclair,et al.  The clumsy child: A program of motor therapy , 1975 .

[44]  S. Cermak,et al.  The relationship between form and space perception, constructional abilities, and clumsiness in children. , 1990, The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association.

[45]  M. Kinsbourne,et al.  Ontogeny of cerebral dominance: Evidence from time-sharing asymmetry in children. , 1978 .

[46]  S. T. Orton.  WORD-BLINDNESS IN SCHOOL CHILDREN , 1925 .

[47]  K. Poeck.  Clues To The Nature of Disruptions To Limb Praxis , 1985 .

[48]  P. Krus,et al.  Structure of Motor Abilities in Children , 1981, Perceptual and motor skills.

[49]  J. Walton,et al.  Clumsy children. A study of apraxic and agnosic defects in 21 children. , 1965, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[50]  S. Henderson,et al.  Duration of periventricular densities in preterm infants and neurological outcome at 6 years of age. , 1993, Archives of disease in childhood.

[51]  C. Gillberg,et al.  PERCEPTUAL, MOTOR AND ATTENTIONAL DEFICITS IN SEVEN‐YEAR‐OLD CHILDREN: NEUROLOGICAL AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS , 1983, Developmental medicine and child neurology.

[52]  L. Silver,et al.  Learning Disabilities , 1987 .

[53]  G. Assal,et al.  A comparison of constructive deficits following right and left hemispheric lesions. , 1970, Neuropsychologia.

[54]  B. Doar,et al.  Developmental Manual Dyspraxia: A Lesson in Mind and Brain , 1992, Journal of child neurology.

[55]  C. Hulme,et al.  Clumsy children--a review of recent research. , 1986, Child: care, health and development.

[56]  D. Larkin.  Task-Specific Intervention with Children Reduces Movement Problems , 1993 .

[57]  S. T. Orton.  Reading, writing, and speech problems in children and selected papers , 1988 .

[58]  J. Walton.  Clumsy children , 1988, British medical journal.

[59]  S. Gubbay.  The clumsy child: A study of developmental apraxic and agnosic ataxia , 1975 .

[60]  W. Müller-Limmroth.  Physiologische Grundlagen der Bewegungstherapie , 1980 .

[61]  P. Wolff,et al.  ASSOCIATED MOVEMENTS AS A MEASURE OF DEVELOPMENTAL AGE , 1983, Developmental medicine and child neurology.

[62]  I. Lesný.  Developmental dyspraxia-dysgnosia as a cause of congenital children's clumsiness , 1980, Brain and Development.

[63]  O. Johnston,et al.  Poorly coordinated children: a survey of 95 cases. , 1987, Child: care, health and development.

[64]  S. Cermak,et al.  Differentiation of praxis among children. , 1983, The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association.

[65]  E. A. Fleishman,et al.  The structure and measurement of physical fitness , 1964 .

[66]  D. Hoare.  Subtypes of Developmental Coordination Disorder , 1994 .

[67]  K. Poeck.  The clinical examination for motor apraxia , 1986, Neuropsychologia.