HVdc Circuit Breakers: Prospects and Challenges

The integration of offshore wind farms has revitalized the interest in multi–terminal high voltage direct current (M–HVdc) transmission grids. HVdc breakers’ importance has increased as M–HVdc grids are now a commercial truth. Several HVdc circuit breaker technologies have been developed, published, and appeared as prototypes for HVdc networks. This paper summarizes the HVdc breaker technologies from the last two decades, distributed mainly in literature. A comparison of various state–of–the–art HVdc breakers is presented. Further, areas are identified where further research and development are required. The goal is to provide primary challenges and prospects in the HVdc breaker field.

[1]  B. T. Ooi,et al.  Optimal Acquisition and Aggregation of Offshore Wind Power by Multiterminal Voltage-Source HVdc , 2002, IEEE Power Engineering Review.

[2]  Dirk Van Hertem,et al.  Multi-terminal VSC HVDC for the European supergrid: Obstacles , 2010 .

[3]  Athula D. Rajapakse,et al.  Fault Detection and Interruption in an Earthed HVDC Grid Using ROCOV and Hybrid DC Breakers , 2016 .

[4]  Hidetoshi Ito,et al.  Control and protection scheme of HVDC system with self‐commutated converter in system fault conditions , 2000 .

[5]  R. Adapa,et al.  Expandable multiterminal DC systems based on voltage droop , 1993 .

[6]  J.P. Bowles,et al.  Consideration for Implementing Multiterminal DC Systems , 1985, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.

[7]  Jan Vobecký.  THE CURRENT STATUS OF POWER SEMICONDUCTORS , 2015 .

[8]  A. D. Stokes,et al.  Arc Behavior and Confinement in a High-Voltage, High Breaking Capacity Fuse Filler , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[9]  Anshuman Shukla,et al.  A Survey on Hybrid Circuit-Breaker Topologies , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[10]  Tao Yuan,et al.  A Novel Active Mechanical HVDC Breaker With Consecutive Interruption Capability for Fault Clearances in MMC-HVDC Systems , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[11]  Allan N. Greenwood,et al.  Theory and Application of the Commutation Principle for HVDC Circuit Breakers , 1972 .

[12]  Juan A. Martinez-Velasco,et al.  Parametric analysis of the hybrid HVDC circuit breaker , 2017 .

[13]  Bhaskar Mitra,et al.  Protection Coordination for Assembly HVDC Breakers for HVDC Multiterminal Grids Using Wavelet Transform , 2020, IEEE Systems Journal.

[14]  Xu Dianguo,et al.  A Protection Scheme for Multi-Terminal VSC-HVDC Transmission Systems , 2018, IEEE Access.

[15]  M. Meisingset,et al.  Capacitor commutated converters for long-cable HVDC transmission , 2002 .

[16]  J. Reeve,et al.  Multiterminal HVDC Power Systems , 1980, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.

[17]  Lars Liljestrand,et al.  Separation of the Energy Absorption and Overvoltage Protection in Solid-State Breakers by the Use of Parallel Varistors , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[18]  Chunyi Guo,et al.  Power Component Fault Detection Method and Improved Current Order Limiter Control for Commutation Failure Mitigation in HVDC , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[19]  Grain Philip Adam,et al.  Robust and Generic Control of Full-Bridge Modular Multilevel Converter High-Voltage DC Transmission Systems , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[20]  María José Pérez-Molina,et al.  Challenges for Protection of Future HVDC Grids , 2020, Frontiers in Energy Research.

[21]  Li Ren,et al.  Study on Coordination of Resistive SFCLs and Hybrid-Type Circuit Breakers to Protect a HVDC System With LCC and VSC Stations , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[22]  Mathias Noe,et al.  High-temperature superconductor fault current limiters: concepts, applications, and development status , 2007 .

[23]  Lennart Carlsson.  Classical HVDC: still continuing to evolve , 2002 .

[24]  G. Mauthe,et al.  Development of a high current HVDC circuit breaker with fast fault clearing capability , 1988 .

[25]  Wenhua Liu,et al.  A Steady-State Analysis Method for a Modular Multilevel Converter , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[26]  Thomas Keller,et al.  Rail vehicle control system integration testing using digital hardware-in-the-loop simulation , 1999, IEEE Trans. Control. Syst. Technol..

[27]  N. W. A. Lidula,et al.  Protection and grounding methods in DC microgrids: Comprehensive review and analysis , 2020 .

[28]  Ronnie Belmans,et al.  A Distributed DC Voltage Control Method for VSC MTDC Systems , 2012 .

[29]  Xu Dianguo,et al.  A Novel Multiterminal VSC-HVdc Transmission Topology for Offshore Wind Farms , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

[30]  Roy M. Nijman,et al.  Experimental Investigation of Electrical Stresses on the Main Components of HVDC Circuit Breakers , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[31]  Xu Dianguo,et al.  Coordinated Operation and Control of VSC Based Multiterminal High Voltage DC Transmission Systems , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[32]  Weinan Wang,et al.  Research and application on multi-terminal and DC grids based on VSC-HVDC technology in China , 2017 .

[33]  Zheng Xu,et al.  Components Sharing Based Integrated HVDC Circuit Breaker for Meshed HVDC Grids , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[34]  Bo Wang,et al.  Research on reliability evaluation method of DC circuit breaker based on Markov model , 2019, Electric Power Systems Research.

[35]  M. Ishikawa,et al.  Simulator Study of Multiterminal HVDC Transmission System without Fast Communication , 1986, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[36]  Maryam Saeedifard,et al.  Optimum Selection of Circuit Breaker Parameters Based on Analytical Calculation of Overcurrent and Overvoltage in Multiterminal HVDC Grids , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[37]  Damien Ernst,et al.  Coordinated primary frequency control among non-synchronous systems connected by a multi-terminal high-voltage direct current grid , 2012 .

[38]  Ajay G. Gawande,et al.  Hybrid HVDC Breaker , 2014 .

[39]  Neville R. Watson,et al.  Addition of four-quadrant power controllability to multi-level VSC HVDC transmission , 2007 .

[40]  C. M. Muriithi,et al.  Review of HVDC Circuit Breakers Topologies. , 2017 .

[41]  V.G. Agelidis,et al.  VSC-Based HVDC Power Transmission Systems: An Overview , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[42]  D.J. Melvold,et al.  Three terminal operation of the Pacific HVDC intertie for dc circuit breaker testing , 1976, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.

[43]  Yang Wang,et al.  A Review of Modular Multilevel Converters for Stationary Applications , 2020, Applied Sciences.

[44]  Olimpo Anaya-Lara,et al.  Modular multilevel inverter: Pulse width modulation and capacitor balancing technique , 2010 .

[45]  Takami Sakai,et al.  A New Control Method for Multiterminal HVDC Transmission Without Fast Communications Systems , 1983, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.

[46]  Yifei Wu,et al.  Damping HVDC Circuit Breaker With Current Commutation and Limiting Integrated , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[47]  J. Giesbrecht,et al.  A real time digital simulator for testing relays , 1992 .

[48]  Jon C. Clare,et al.  A Hybrid Modular Multilevel Voltage Source Converter for HVDC Power Transmission , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

[49]  Jun Liang,et al.  Topologies of multiterminal HVDC-VSC transmission for large offshore wind farms , 2011 .

[50]  Tek Tjing Lie,et al.  Adaptive control design for VSC-HVDC systems based on backstepping method , 2007 .

[51]  Alvaro Luna,et al.  Optimized Control of Multi-Terminal DC Grids Using Particle Swarm Optimization , 2014 .

[52]  J. Bowles.  Multiterminal HVDC Transmission Systems Incorporating Diode Rectifier Stations , 1981, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.

[53]  M.P. Bahrman,et al.  The ABCs of HVDC transmission technologies , 2007, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine.

[54]  Alvaro Luna,et al.  A generalized voltage droop strategy for control of multi-terminal DC grids , 2013, 2013 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition.

[55]  Michael Kurrat,et al.  Challenges and opportunities for a European HVDC grid , 2017 .

[56]  Ahmed M. Massoud,et al.  Optimum Power Transmission-Based Droop Control Design for Multi-Terminal HVDC of Offshore Wind Farms , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[57]  Kumars Rouzbehi,et al.  A DC-Reactor-Based Solid-State Fault Current Limiter for HVdc Applications , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[58]  Lie Xu,et al.  Topologies for VSC transmission , 2001 .

[59]  Hak-Man Kim,et al.  A Comparison of Different Hybrid Direct Current Circuit Breakers for Application in HVDC System , 2016 .

[60]  Chongru Liu,et al.  MMC Based MTDC Grids: A Detailed Review on Issues and Challenges for Operation, Control and Protection Schemes , 2020, IEEE Access.

[61]  J. Langston,et al.  Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing of a YBCO Coated Conductor Fault Current Limiting Module , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[62]  Lars Bergstrom,et al.  Simulator Study of Multiiterminal HVDC System Performance , 1978, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.

[63]  Christopher Russell,et al.  The Future of Renewables Linked by a Transnational Asian Grid , 2012, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[64]  A. Abramovitz,et al.  Survey of Solid-State Fault Current Limiters , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[65]  Michael Steurer,et al.  A Megawatt-Scale Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation Setup for Motor Drives , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[66]  Hui Liu,et al.  Primary and backup fault detection techniques for multi‐terminal HVdc systems: a review , 2020 .

[67]  Boon-Teck Ooi,et al.  Locating and Isolating DC Faults in Multi-Terminal DC Systems , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[68]  B. Chaudhuri,et al.  Adaptive Droop Control for Effective Power Sharing in Multi-Terminal DC (MTDC) Grids , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[69]  Barry W. Williams,et al.  Multi-pole voltage source converter HVDC transmission systems , 2016 .

[70]  Jinyu Wen,et al.  A Transient Voltage-Based DC Fault Line Protection Scheme for MMC-Based DC Grid Embedding DC Breakers , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[71]  W. F. Long,et al.  Application aspects of multiterminal DC power transmission , 1990 .

[72]  R.W. De Doncker,et al.  Solid-state circuit breakers and current limiters for medium-voltage systems having distributed power systems , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[73]  Lennart Harnefors,et al.  VSC-HVDC Transmission with Cascaded Two-Level Converters , 2010 .

[74]  Oliver Cwikowski,et al.  HVDC Circuit Breakers–A Review , 2020, IEEE Access.

[75]  Hyo-Sang Choi,et al.  Stability Improvement of DC Power System According to Applied DC Circuit Breaker Combined With Fault Current Limitation Characteristics of Superconductivity , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[76]  Tim Schultz,et al.  Interruption limits of mechanical circuit breakers and circuit upgrades for current injection in HVDC circuit breakers , 2020 .

[77]  P. G. Slade,et al.  Solid-state distribution current limiter and circuit breaker: application requirements and control strategies , 1993 .

[78]  T. Senda,et al.  Development of HVDC Circuit Breaker Based on Hybrid Interruption Scheme , 1984, IEEE Power Engineering Review.

[79]  C M Franck,et al.  HVDC Circuit Breakers: A Review Identifying Future Research Needs , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[80]  Rainer Marquardt,et al.  A new AC/AC multilevel converter family , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[81]  Dirk Van Hertem,et al.  Systematic Approach to HVDC Circuit Breaker Sizing , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[82]  Pietro Cairoli,et al.  A Review of Solid-State Circuit Breakers , 2021, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[83]  Peter Palensky,et al.  Protection Testing for Multiterminal High-Voltage dc Grid: Procedures and , 2020, IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine.

[84]  Nasrullah Khan,et al.  Comparative study of HVAC and HVDC transmission systems , 2016 .