Converging evidence for the detection of change without awareness.

In this chapter, we explore the possibility that changes can be registered by the visual system and can influence behavior even in the absence of conscious awareness. We begin by describing the basic phenomenon of change blindness, introduce a framework for discussing some of the key issues relating to change detection as a whole, and then examine the main lines of evidence that point to the existence of implicit change detection.

[1]  E. Reingold,et al.  Theory and measurement in the study of unconscious processes , 1990 .

[2]  J. O'Regan,et al.  Solving the "real" mysteries of visual perception: the world as an outside memory. , 1992, Canadian journal of psychology.

[3]  Ronald A. Rensink,et al.  TO SEE OR NOT TO SEE: The Need for Attention to Perceive Changes in Scenes , 1997 .

[4]  J. Feldman Four frames suffice: A provisional model of vision and space , 1985, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[5]  K. Verfaillie,et al.  Detection of intrasaccadic displacements and depth rotations of moving objects , 2002, Vision Research.

[6]  N. Cohen,et al.  Amnesia is a Deficit in Relational Memory , 2000, Psychological science.

[7]  T. Carr,et al.  Words, pictures, and priming: on semantic activation, conscious identification, and the automaticity of information processing. , 1982, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[8]  K. Nakayama,et al.  On the Functional Role of Implicit Visual Memory for the Adaptive Deployment of Attention Across Scenes , 2000 .

[9]  A. Cowey,et al.  Reflections on Blindsight , 1992 .

[10]  Richard L. Abrams,et al.  Three Cognitive Markers of Unconscious Semantic Activation , 1996, Science.

[11]  A. Marcel Conscious and unconscious perception: Experiments on visual masking and word recognition , 1983, Cognitive Psychology.

[12]  B H Repp,et al.  Phase correction, phase resetting, and phase shifts after subliminal timing perturbations in sensorimotor synchronization. , 2001, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[13]  Bonnie L. Angelone,et al.  Memory for centrally attended changing objects in an incidental real-world change detection paradigm. , 2002, British journal of psychology.

[14]  K. Nakayama,et al.  Priming of popout: II. Role of position , 1996 .

[15]  D. Ballard,et al.  Task constraints in visual working memory , 1997, Vision Research.

[16]  M. Chun,et al.  Contextual Cueing: Implicit Learning and Memory of Visual Context Guides Spatial Attention , 1998, Cognitive Psychology.

[17]  I. Rock,et al.  Inattentional blindness: Perception without attention. , 1998 .

[18]  B. Milner,et al.  Further analysis of the hippocampal amnesic syndrome: 14-year follow-up study of H.M.☆ , 1968 .

[19]  A. Treisman,et al.  A feature-integration theory of attention , 1980, Cognitive Psychology.

[20]  J. Henderson,et al.  Accurate visual memory for previously attended objects in natural scenes , 2002 .

[21]  B H Repp,et al.  Compensation for subliminal timing perturbations in perceptual-motor synchronization , 2000, Psychological research.

[22]  S. Dehaene,et al.  Imaging unconscious semantic priming , 1998, Nature.

[23]  D. E. Irwin,et al.  Integration and accumulation of information across saccadic eye movements. , 1996 .

[24]  J. Henderson,et al.  Eye movements and visual memory: Detecting changes to saccade targets in scenes , 2003, Perception & psychophysics.

[25]  Mark W. Becker,et al.  The Role of Iconic Memory in Change-Detection Tasks , 2000, Perception.

[26]  E. Vogel,et al.  Word meanings can be accessed but not reported during the attentional blink , 1996, Nature.

[27]  Stephen R. Mitroff,et al.  Changes are not localized before they are explicitly detected , 2002 .

[28]  I. Biederman,et al.  Subliminal visual priming , 1997, Neuroscience Letters.

[29]  D. Schacter,et al.  Implicit memory: A new frontier for cognitive neuroscience , 1995 .

[30]  I. Thornton,et al.  An implicit measure of undetected change. , 2000, Spatial vision.

[31]  D. Kahneman,et al.  The reviewing of object files: Object-specific integration of information , 1992, Cognitive Psychology.

[32]  J B Poline,et al.  Cerebral mechanisms of word masking and unconscious repetition priming , 2001, Nature Neuroscience.

[33]  R. Klein,et al.  The Effects of Scene Inversion on Change Blindness , 2000, The Journal of general psychology.

[34]  Ray Johnson For Distinguished Early Career Contribution to Psychophysiology: Award Address, 1985 , 1986 .

[35]  A F Kramer,et al.  Age differences in visual search for feature, conjunction, and triple-conjunction targets. , 1997, Psychology and aging.

[36]  Stephen R Mitroff,et al.  The siren song of implicit change detection. , 2002, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[37]  Z W Pylyshyn,et al.  Tracking multiple independent targets: evidence for a parallel tracking mechanism. , 1988, Spatial vision.

[38]  P. H. Lindsay,et al.  Evoked Potential Correlates of Auditory Signal Detection , 1971, Science.

[39]  L. Matin,et al.  The influence of saccade length on the saccadic suppression of displacement detection , 1990, Perception & psychophysics.

[40]  Eli Brenner,et al.  Size illusion influences how we lift but not how we grasp an object , 1996, Experimental Brain Research.

[41]  I. Thornton,et al.  Change Detection Without Awareness: Do Explicit Reports Underestimate the Representation of Change in the Visual System? , 2000 .

[42]  B. Bridgeman,et al.  Relation between cognitive and motor-oriented systems of visual position perception. , 1979, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[43]  R. Graves,et al.  Conscious visual perceptual awareness vs non-conscious visual spatial localisation examined with normal subjects using possible analogues of blindsight and neglect , 1992 .

[44]  K. Rayner Eye movements and visual cognition : scene perception and reading , 1992 .

[45]  K. Nakayama,et al.  Priming of pop-out: I. Role of features , 1994, Memory & cognition.

[46]  A. Milner,et al.  Neuropsychology of Consciousness , 2019, Frontiers Research Topics.

[47]  L. Pessoa,et al.  Beyond the Grand Illusion: What Change Blindness Really Teaches Us About Vision , 2000 .

[48]  G. McConkie,et al.  Is visual information integrated across successive fixations in reading? , 1979, Perception & psychophysics.

[49]  D. Simons,et al.  CHAPTER 13 – Change Blindness , 2005 .

[50]  Ian M Thornton,et al.  Explicit mechanisms do not account for implicit localization and identification of change: An empirical reply to Mitroff et al. (2002). , 2002, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[51]  Brian J. Scholl,et al.  Attenuated Change Blindness for Exogenously Attended Items in a Flicker Paradigm , 2000 .

[52]  A. Levine,et al.  New estimates of the storage permanence and ocean co-benefits of enhanced rock weathering , 2023, PNAS nexus.

[53]  Carol A. Fowler,et al.  Lexical access with and without awareness , 1981 .

[54]  Nancy Kanwisher,et al.  A cortical representation of the local visual environment , 1998, Nature.

[55]  C. Frith,et al.  Neural correlates of change detection and change blindness , 2001, Nature Neuroscience.

[56]  H. Egeth,et al.  Perception without attention: evidence of grouping under conditions of inattention. , 1997, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance.

[57]  M Corbetta,et al.  Frontoparietal cortical networks for directing attention and the eye to visual locations: identical, independent, or overlapping neural systems? , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[58]  E. Matin Saccadic suppression: a review and an analysis. , 1974, Psychological bulletin.

[59]  M. Land,et al.  The Roles of Vision and Eye Movements in the Control of Activities of Daily Living , 1998, Perception.

[60]  Rajesh P. N. Rao,et al.  Embodiment is the foundation, not a level , 1996, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[61]  Jochen Braun,et al.  Blindsight in normal observers , 1995, Nature.

[62]  Denis G. Pelli,et al.  Accurate control of contrast on microcomputer displays , 1991, Vision Research.

[63]  Thomas H. Carr,et al.  Semantic priming and repetition priming from masked words: evidence for a center-surround attentional mechanism in perceptual recognition. , 1990, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[64]  V. Ramaswamy,et al.  Fingerprint of ozone depletion in the spatial and temporal pattern of recent lower-stratospheric cooling , 1996, Nature.

[65]  J. van Leeuwen,et al.  Sequence Learning , 2001, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[66]  M. Fahle,et al.  P M Max−planck−institut Fü R Biologische Kybernetik the Eeects of Visual Illusions on Grasping , 1999 .

[67]  L. Weiskrantz Blindsight : a case study and implications , 1986 .

[68]  I. Rock,et al.  Perception without attention: Results of a new method , 1992, Cognitive Psychology.

[69]  H. Barlow Vision Science: Photons to Phenomenology by Stephen E. Palmer , 2000, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[70]  E. Bizzi,et al.  The Cognitive Neurosciences , 1996 .

[71]  J. Enns,et al.  Object Substitution: A New Form of Masking in Unattended Visual Locations , 1997 .

[72]  A. Hollingworth Failures of retrieval and comparison constrain change detection in natural scenes. , 2003, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[73]  James L. McClelland,et al.  Information integration in perception and communication , 1996 .

[74]  David E. Irwin,et al.  Evidence against visual integration across saccadic eye movements , 1983, Perception & psychophysics.

[75]  C. Prablanc,et al.  Large adjustments in visually guided reaching do not depend on vision of the hand or perception of target displacement , 1986, Nature.

[76]  M. Goodale,et al.  The visual brain in action , 1995 .

[77]  Scott A. Huettel,et al.  Dissociating the Neural Mechanisms of Visual Attention in Change Detection Using Functional MRI , 2001, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[78]  Z. Pylyshyn,et al.  Tracking Multiple Items Through Occlusion: Clues to Visual Objecthood , 1999, Cognitive Psychology.

[79]  Ronald A. Rensink Change detection. , 2002, Annual review of psychology.

[80]  J. Stroop Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. , 1992 .

[81]  J. Henderson,et al.  The Role of Fixation Position in Detecting Scene Changes Across Saccades , 1999 .

[82]  G. Aschersleben,et al.  The Theory of Event Coding (TEC): a framework for perception and action planning. , 2001, The Behavioral and brain sciences.

[83]  M. Goodale,et al.  Size-contrast illusions deceive the eye but not the hand , 1995, Current Biology.

[84]  K. Nakayama,et al.  Priming of pop-out: II. The role of position , 1996, Perception & psychophysics.

[85]  M. Gazzaniga,et al.  Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind , 1998 .

[86]  M. Goodale,et al.  Separate visual pathways for perception and action , 1992, Trends in Neurosciences.

[87]  M Dumitrache [Visual information]. , 1977, Revista de chirurgie, oncologie, radiologie, o. r. l., oftalmologie, stomatologie. Seria: Oftalmologie.

[88]  Ronald A. Rensink,et al.  Picture Changes During Blinks: Looking Without Seeing and Seeing Without Looking , 2000 .

[89]  M. Fahle,et al.  Grasping Visual Illusions: No Evidence for a Dissociation Between Perception and Action , 2000, Psychological science.

[90]  Ronald A. Rensink,et al.  Change-blindness as a result of ‘mudsplashes’ , 1999, Nature.

[91]  R. Abrams,et al.  Differential use of distance and location information for spatial localization , 1990, Perception & psychophysics.

[92]  Alexander Pollatsek,et al.  What Is Integrated Across Fixations , 1992 .

[93]  Andrew P. Yonelinas,et al.  Separating conscious and unconscious influences of memory: measuring recollection , 1993 .

[94]  D. Simons,et al.  Failure to detect changes to people during a real-world interaction , 1998 .

[95]  Bruce Bridgeman,et al.  Failure to detect displacement of the visual world during saccadic eye movements , 1975, Vision Research.

[96]  D. Simons,et al.  Failure to detect changes to attended objects in motion pictures , 1997 .

[97]  Ronald A. Rensink Visual Search for Change: A Probe into the Nature of Attentional Processing , 2000 .

[98]  Ronald A. Rensink Toolbox-based routines for Macintosh timing and display , 1990 .

[99]  J. H. Neely Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Roles of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited-capacity attention. , 1977 .

[100]  Ronald A. Rensink Visual Sensing Without Seeing , 2004, Psychological science.

[101]  M Niedeggen,et al.  Change blindness and time to consciousness , 2001, The European journal of neuroscience.

[102]  Diego Fernandez-Duque,et al.  Attention Metaphors: How Metaphors Guide the Cognitive Psychology of Attention , 1999, Cogn. Sci..

[103]  M. Jeannerod,et al.  Temporal dissociation of motor responses and subjective awareness. A study in normal subjects. , 1991, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[104]  I. Rock,et al.  Perceptual organization and attention , 1992, Cognitive Psychology.

[105]  G. Wallis,et al.  What's Scene and Not Seen: Influences of Movement and Task Upon What We See , 2000 .

[106]  M. Jeannerod,et al.  Measuring time to awareness , 1991, Neuroreport.

[107]  J. Eastwood,et al.  Does unattended information facilitate change detection? , 2000, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[108]  David E. Irwin,et al.  The role of attentional breadth in perceptual change detection , 2001, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[109]  Masashi Suzuki,et al.  Amino acid sequence of myosin light chain kinase from bovine stomach with special references to its actin binding domain , 1993 .

[110]  E. Lauber,et al.  Conditional and unconditional automaticity: a dual-process model of effects of spatial stimulus-response correspondence. , 1994, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[111]  Alexander Pollatsek,et al.  The Information that is Combined Across Fixations may be Different for Static and Moving Objects , 2001 .

[112]  Christopher B. Currie,et al.  Visual stability across saccades while viewing complex pictures. , 1995, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[113]  A. D. Fisk,et al.  Are age differences in consistent-mapping visual search due to feature learning or attention training? , 1991, Psychology and aging.

[114]  D. Simons,et al.  Detecting Changes in Novel, Complex Three-dimensional Objects , 2000 .

[115]  R. Andersen,et al.  Evidence for the lateral intraparietal area as the parietal eye field , 1992, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[116]  Mahmood R. Azimi-Sadjadi,et al.  Rhythmic finger tapping to cosine-wave modulated metronome sequences: Evidence of subliminal entrainment , 1998 .

[117]  Axel Cleeremans,et al.  Can sequence learning be implicit? New evidence with the process dissociation procedure , 2001, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[118]  J. Henderson,et al.  Change detection in the flicker paradigm: The role of fixation position within the scene , 2001, Memory & cognition.

[119]  Tim Curran,et al.  Attentional and Nonattentional Forms of Sequence Learning , 1993 .

[120]  J. Grimes On the failure to detect changes in scenes across saccades. , 1996 .

[121]  J. Driver,et al.  Segmentation, attention and phenomenal visual objects , 2001, Cognition.

[122]  Carrick C. Williams,et al.  To see and remember: Visually specific information is retained in memory from previously attended objects in natural scenes , 2001, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[123]  E. Donchin,et al.  Is the P300 component a manifestation of context updating? , 1988, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[124]  R. Johnson A triarchic model of P300 amplitude. , 1986, Psychophysiology.

[125]  P. McCormick Orienting attention without awareness. , 1997, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[126]  N. Kanwisher,et al.  The Fusiform Face Area: A Module in Human Extrastriate Cortex Specialized for Face Perception , 1997, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[127]  Daniel J. Simons,et al.  Current Approaches to Change Blindness , 2000 .