Emission trading and public health.

Emission trading policies are increasingly important in environmental protection, especially in controlling air pollution in the United States. Their popularity results in part from the limitations and frustrations of centralized command and control regulation. Well-designed emission trading programs can achieve the same or better environmental and health outcomes as command and control regulations but provide regulated industries with greater flexibility. This lowers costs and improves the process of negotiating environmental policy. We present key concepts and important applications of emission trading, focusing on health impacts. These programs generally are well-designed, speeding emission abatement; improving health outcomes; and reducing compliance costs. Flaws have stopped a few poorly designed emission trading programs. A key issue in evaluating emission trading is our inability to know what the environmental outcome would have been under another approach.

[1]  D. Burtraw.  Cost Savings, Market Performance, and Economic Benefits of the U.S. Acid Rain Program , 1998 .

[2]  B. Brunekreef,et al.  Air pollution and health , 2002, The Lancet.

[3]  Christopher J. Bailey.  Congress and air pollution : environmental policies in the USA , 1998 .

[4]  P. Kasibhatla,et al.  Growth of Continental-Scale Metro-Agro-Plexes, Regional Ozone Pollution, and World Food Production , 1994, Science.

[5]  E. M. Bailey,et al.  Markets for Clean Air: The U.S. Acid Rain Program , 2000 .

[6]  Lily N. Chinn.  Can the Market Be Fair and Efficient - An Environmental Justice Critique of Emissions Trading , 1999 .

[7]  A. Denny Ellerman,et al.  CO2 Emissions Limits: Economic Adjustments and the Distribution of Burdens , 1997 .

[8]  Richard E. Cohen.  Washington at Work: Back Rooms and Clean Air , 1992 .

[9]  Ari Rabl,et al.  PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ENERGY SYSTEM , 2000 .

[10]  Jason Corburn.  Emissions trading and environmental justice: distributive fairness and the USA's Acid Rain Programme , 2001, Environmental Conservation.

[11]  W. Montgomery,et al.  Markets in Licenses and Efficient Pollution Control Programs" Journal of Economic Theory , 1972 .

[12]  A. Farrell,et al.  Prospects for International Management of Intercontinental Air Pollution Transport , 2004 .

[13]  David G. Victor,et al.  The Collapse of the Kyoto Protocol and the Struggle to Slow Global Warming , 2001 .

[14]  B. Solomon,et al.  Emissions Trading Systems and Environmental Justice , 2000 .

[15]  R. Hahn,et al.  Where Did All the Markets Go? An Analysis of EPA's Emissions Trading Program , 1989 .

[16]  Alex Farrell,et al.  The NOx Budget: A Look at the First Year , 2000 .

[17]  Paul L. Joskow,et al.  The Political Economy of Market‐Based Environmental Policy: the U.S. Acid Rain Program1 , 1998, The Journal of Law and Economics.

[18]  C. Schultze,et al.  POLLUTION, PRICES, AND PUBLIC POLICY , 1977 .

[19]  J Creason,et al.  Distribution of industrial air emissions by income and race in the United States: an approach using the toxic release inventory. , 1995, Environmental science & technology.

[20]  Alex Farrell,et al.  Multi-lateral emission trading: lessons from inter-state NOx control in the United States☆ , 2001 .

[21]  A. Krupnick,et al.  The future of benefit-cost analyses of the Clean Air Act. , 2002, Annual review of public health.

[22]  J. Dales,et al.  Land, Water, and Ownership , 1968 .

[23]  D Harrison,et al.  EMISSIONS TRADING IN THE U.S.: EXPERIENCE, LESSONS, AND CONSIDERATIONS FOR GREENHOUSE GASES , 2003 .

[24]  Suzi Kerr,et al.  Policy-Induced Technology Adoption: Evidence from the U.S. Lead Phasedown , 2001 .

[25]  M. Cropper,et al.  Sulfur Dioxide Control by Electric Utilities: What Are the Gains from Trade? , 1998, Journal of Political Economy.

[26]  M. Akhurst,et al.  Greenhouse gas emissions trading in BP , 2003 .

[27]  W. Bowen,et al.  An Analytical Review of Environmental Justice Research: What Do We Really Know? , 2002, Environmental management.

[28]  M. Weitzman.  Prices vs. Quantities , 1974 .

[29]  R. S. Carter,et al.  The NOx Budget: market-based control of tropospheric ozone in the northeastern United States , 1999 .

[30]  D. Allen,et al.  Influence of population density and temporal variations in emissions on the air duality benefits of NOx emission trading. , 2002, Environmental science & technology.

[31]  E. Mansur,et al.  Environmental Effects of SO2 Trading and Banking , 1999 .

[32]  D T Allen,et al.  Accounting for spatial variation of ozone productivity in NOx emission trading. , 2001, Environmental science & technology.

[33]  Karl Hausker,et al.  The politics and economics of auction design in the market for sulfur dioxide pollution , 1992 .

[34]  Assessing the impact of the acid deposition control program , 2001 .

[35]  Scott E. Atkinson,et al.  A cost-effectiveness analysis of alternative air quality control strategies , 1974 .

[36]  R. W. Carlson.  Introduction to Volume 2 , 2003 .

[37]  J. S. Kuhn,et al.  Pollution Trading and Environmental Injustice: Los Angeles’ Failed Experiment in Air Quality Policy , 1999 .

[38]  R. Liroff.  Reforming Air Pollution Regulation: The Toil and Trouble of Epa's Bubble , 1986 .

[39]  R. Goodin.  Selling Environmental Indulgences , 1994 .

[40]  D. Kammen,et al.  Equity and Greenhouse Gas Responsibility , 2000, Science.

[41]  Robert W. Hahn,et al.  Marketable Permits: Lessons for Theory and Practice , 1989 .

[42]  Byron Swift.  How Environmental Laws Work: An Analysis of the Utility Sector's Response to Regulation of Nitrogen Oxides and Sulfur Dioxide Under the Clean Air Act , 2001 .

[43]  W. Baumol,et al.  The Use of Standards and Prices for Protection of the Environment , 1971 .

[44]  Alan Krupnick,et al.  Costs and Benefits of Reducing Air Pollutants Related to Acid Rain , 1998 .

[45]  John C. V. Pezzey,et al.  The Symmetry between Controlling Pollution by Price and Controlling It by Quantity , 1992 .

[46]  Barry D. Solomon,et al.  Point-nonpoint effluent trading in watersheds: a review and critique , 1998 .