Alberta oil sands development

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a ubiquitous class of hundreds of organic compounds composed of two or more aromatic rings that are released naturally and from human activities. Natural sources of PAHs include forest fires, oil seeps, and volcanic eruptions; anthropogenic sources include burning of fossil fuels and wood, production of coke and charcoal, petroleum refining, and petroleum spills (1). The US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry has ranked PAHs eighth on their list of hazardous substances (2).

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[2]  P. Fedorak,et al.  Characterization of naphthenic acids in oil sands wastewaters by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. , 2002, Water research.

[3]  John P. Giesy,et al.  The photoenhanced toxicity of anthracene to juvenile sunfish (Lepomis spp.) , 1985 .

[4]  E. W. Allen.  Process water treatment in Canada’s oil sands industry: I. Target pollutants and treatment objectives , 2008 .

[5]  P. Fedorak,et al.  A review of the occurrence, analyses, toxicity, and biodegradation of naphthenic acids. , 2005, Chemosphere.

[6]  K. Solomon,et al.  Effect of carboxylic acid content on the acute toxicity of oil sands naphthenic acids. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[7]  J. Giesy,et al.  Predictive models for photoinduced acute toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to Daphnia magna, strauss (cladocera, crustacea) , 1987 .

[8]  M. Moore,et al.  Degradation of naphthenic acids by sediment micro‐organisms , 2006, Journal of applied microbiology.

[9]  J. Parrott,et al.  Using reproductive endpoints in small forage fish species to evaluate the effects of athabasca oil sands activities , 2003, Environmental toxicology and chemistry.

[10]  David W. Schindler,et al.  Oil sands development contributes polycyclic aromatic compounds to the Athabasca River and its tributaries , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[11]  J. Headley,et al.  A Review of the Occurrence and Fate of Naphthenic Acids in Aquatic Environments , 2004, Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering.

[12]  J. Latimer,et al.  The Sources, Transport, and Fate of PAHs in the Marine Environment , 2003 .

[13]  F. M. Conly,et al.  Preliminary characterization and source assessment of PAHs in tributary sediments of the Athabasca River, Canada , 2001 .

[14]  N. Bunce,et al.  Preliminary risk assessment of the wet landscape option for reclamation of oil sands mine tailings: Bioassays with mature fine tailings pore water , 2001, Environmental toxicology.

[15]  Paul D. Jones,et al.  Ozonation attenuates the steroidogenic disruptive effects of sediment free oil sands process water in the H295R cell line. , 2010, Chemosphere.

[16]  J. Giesy,et al.  Photoinduced toxicity of anthracene to juvenile bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque): photoperiod effects and predictive hazard evaluation , 1986 .