New roles for glia

Recent findings suggest that glial cells, though lacking the excitability usually associated with most neurons, may be more actively involved in brain function than has been previously thought. Collectively, these findings indicate that glial cells can sense, and potentially respond to, a large array of neuronal signals. Because glial cells are intimately associated with most neurons, neurobiologists should reconsider the possible significance of active neuronal-glial signaling.

[1]  P. Grafe,et al.  Ion activities and potassium uptake mechanisms of glial cells in guinea‐pig olfactory cortex slices. , 1987, The Journal of physiology.

[2]  S. Chiu Changes in excitable membrane properties in Schwann cells of adult rabbit sciatic nerves following nerve transection. , 1988, The Journal of physiology.

[3]  A. Jensen,et al.  Fluorescence measurement of changes in intracellular calcium induced by excitatory amino acids in cultured cortical astrocytes , 1990, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[4]  M. Hatten,et al.  Neuronal regulation of astroglial morphology and proliferation in vitro , 1985, The Journal of cell biology.

[5]  J. M. Ritchie,et al.  High conductance anion-selective channels in rat cultured Schwann cells , 1984, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[6]  V. Gallo,et al.  GABA release triggered by the activation of neuron‐like non‐NMDA receptors in cultured type 2 astrocytes is carrier‐mediated , 1991, Glia.

[7]  A. Mathie,et al.  Activation of glutamate receptors and glutamate uptake in identified macroglial cells in rat cerebellar cultures. , 1991, The Journal of physiology.

[8]  S. Snyder,et al.  Nitric oxide as a neuronal messenger. , 1991, Trends in pharmacological sciences.

[9]  J. Mcgiff,et al.  Arachidonic acid metabolism. , 1987, Preventive medicine.

[10]  D. Attwell,et al.  Electrogenic glutamate uptake in glial cells is activated by intracellular potassium , 1988, Nature.

[11]  M. Raff,et al.  A glial progenitor cell that develops in vitro into an astrocyte or an oligodendrocyte depending on culture medium , 1983, Nature.

[12]  D. Choi,et al.  Beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine neurotoxicity: requirement for bicarbonate as a cofactor. , 1988, Science.

[13]  M. Raff,et al.  A Novel Type of Glial Cell Associated with Nodes of Ranvier in Rat Optic Nerve , 1989, The European journal of neuroscience.

[14]  E. Newman,et al.  Control of extracellular potassium levels by retinal glial cell K+ siphoning. , 1984, Science.

[15]  J. Garthwaite,et al.  NMDA receptor activation induces nitric oxide synthesis from arginine in rat brain slices. , 1989, European journal of pharmacology.

[16]  S. Finkbeiner,et al.  Glutamate induces calcium waves in cultured astrocytes: long-range glial signaling. , 1990, Science.

[17]  J. M. Ritchie Sodium-channel turnover in rabbit cultured Schwann cells , 1988, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[18]  R. Miller,et al.  The in vitro differentiation of a bipotential glial progenitor cell. , 1984, The EMBO journal.

[19]  D. Feinstein,et al.  Expression of myosin regulatory light chains in rat brain: characterization of a novel isoform. , 1991, Brain research. Molecular brain research.

[20]  R. Schwarcz,et al.  Immunohistochemical localization of quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase in the human neostriatum , 1991, Neuroscience.

[21]  J. Brockes,et al.  Assays for cholinergic properties in cultured rat Schwann cells , 1984, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[22]  Richard Graham Knowles,et al.  Formation of nitric oxide from L-arginine in the central nervous system: a transduction mechanism for stimulation of the soluble guanylate cyclase. , 1989, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[23]  R. Janzer,et al.  Astrocytes induce blood–brain barrier properties in endothelial cells , 1987, Nature.

[24]  S. Palay,et al.  Immunocytochemical localization of cyclic GMP: light and electron microscope evidence for involvement of neuroglia. , 1979, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[25]  N. Abbott,et al.  Evidence that glutamate mediates Axon‐to‐Schwann cell signaling in the squid , 1989, Glia.

[26]  D. D. Wheeler,et al.  The release of amino acids from nerve during stimulation , 1966, Journal of cellular physiology.

[27]  K. H. Backus,et al.  Glutamate opens Na+/K+ channels in cultured astrocytes , 1988, Glia.

[28]  M. Tsacopoulos,et al.  Potassium activity in photoreceptors, glial cells and extracellular space in the drone retina: changes during photostimulation. , 1979, The Journal of physiology.

[29]  L. Trussell,et al.  Glutamate receptor desensitization and its role in synaptic transmission , 1989, Neuron.

[30]  S. Waxman,et al.  Immuno-ultrastructural localization of sodium channels at nodes of Ranvier and perinodal astrocytes in rat optic nerve , 1989, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. B. Biological Sciences.

[31]  M. Raff,et al.  Subpial and perivascular astrocytes associated with nodes of Ranvier in the rat optic nerve , 1989, Journal of neurocytology.

[32]  J. Bormann,et al.  Patch-clamp study of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor Cl- channels in cultured astrocytes. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[33]  M. Raff,et al.  The oligodendrocyte-type-2 astrocyte cell lineage is specialized for myelination , 1986, Nature.

[34]  P. Dandona,et al.  Astrocytes as eicosanoid‐producing cells , 1988, Glia.

[35]  David P. Corey,et al.  Ion channel expression by white matter glia: The O-2A glial progenitor cell , 1990, Neuron.

[36]  M. Raff,et al.  Two types of astrocytes in cultures of developing rat white matter: differences in morphology, surface gangliosides, and growth characteristics , 1983, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[37]  V. Gallo,et al.  Kainic acid stimulates GABA release from a subpopulation of cerebellar astrocytes. , 1986, European journal of pharmacology.

[38]  J. M. Ritchie,et al.  The presence of voltage-gated sodium, potassium and chloride channels in rat cultured astrocytes , 1985, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[39]  D. Harrison,et al.  Evidence for an Astrocyte‐Derived Vasorelaxing Factor with Properties Similar to Nitric Oxide , 1990, Journal of neurochemistry.

[40]  S. Murphy,et al.  Functional receptors for neurotransmitters on astroglial cells , 1987, Neuroscience.

[41]  B W Connors,et al.  Activity-dependent shrinkage of extracellular space in rat optic nerve: a developmental study , 1985, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[42]  E. Newman,et al.  Spatial buffering of light-evoked potassium increases by retinal Müller (glial) cells. , 1989, Science.

[43]  R. Shoemaker,et al.  Altered regulation of airway epithelial cell chloride channels in cystic fibrosis. , 1986, Science.

[44]  D. Attwell,et al.  Non-vesicular release of glutamate from glial cells by reversed electrogenic glutamate uptake , 1990, Nature.

[45]  J. B. Ranck,et al.  Specific impedance of cerebral cortex during spreading depression, and an analysis of neuronal, neuroglial, and interstitial contributions , 1964 .

[46]  P. F. Baker,et al.  The dependence of glutamate uptake by crab nerve on external Na + and K + . , 1971, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[47]  S. W. Kuffler,et al.  The physiology of neuroglial cells. , 1966, Ergebnisse der Physiologie, biologischen Chemie und experimentellen Pharmakologie.

[48]  M. Noble,et al.  Identification of an adult-specific glial progenitor cell. , 1989, Development.

[49]  T. Bliss,et al.  Arachidonic acid induces a long-term activity-dependent enhancement of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus , 1989, Nature.

[50]  W. Wuttke Mechanism of potassium uptake in neuropile glial cells in the central nervous system of the leech. , 1990, Journal of neurophysiology.

[51]  I. Morita,et al.  Astrocytes are responsive to endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) , 1991, Neuroscience Letters.

[52]  D Purves,et al.  Nerve terminal remodeling visualized in living mice by repeated examination of the same neuron. , 1987, Science.

[53]  S. Chiu Sodium currents in axon‐associated Schwann cells from adult rabbits. , 1987, The Journal of physiology.

[54]  D. Weinreich,et al.  Nerve impulse-enhanced release of amino acids from non-synaptic regions of peripheral and central nerve trunks of bullfrog , 1975, Brain Research.

[55]  J. Garthwaite,et al.  A Kainate Receptor Linked to Nitric Oxide Synthesis from Arginine , 1989, Journal of neurochemistry.

[56]  R. Orkand,et al.  Chloride enters glial cells and photoreceptors in response to light stimulation in the retina of the honey bee drone , 1989, Glia.

[57]  J. M. Ritchie,et al.  A voltage-gated chloride conductance in rat cultured astrocytes , 1986, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[58]  J. M. Ritchie,et al.  Sodium currents in Schwann cells from myelinated and non‐myelinated nerves of neonatal and adult rabbits. , 1990, The Journal of physiology.

[59]  K. Mikoshiba,et al.  Predominant localization in glial cells of freel-arginine. Immunocytochemical evidence , 1991, Brain Research.

[60]  S. Snyder,et al.  Localization of nitric oxide synthase indicating a neural role for nitric oxide , 1990, Nature.

[61]  H. Sugiyama,et al.  A new type of glutamate receptor linked to inositol phospholipid metabolism , 1987, Nature.

[62]  J. B. Ranck,et al.  Specific impedance of rabbit cerebral cortex. , 1963, Experimental neurology.

[63]  A. Hodgkin,et al.  The influence of potassium and chloride ions on the membrane potential of single muscle fibres , 1959, The Journal of physiology.

[64]  D. Baylor,et al.  Changes in extracellular potassium concentration produced by neuronal activity in the central nervous system of the leech , 1969, The Journal of physiology.

[65]  D P Corey,et al.  Ion channel expression by white matter glia: I. Type 2 astrocytes and oligodendrocytes , 1988, Glia.

[66]  S. W. Kuffler,et al.  Effect of nerve impulses on the membrane potential of glial cells in the central nervous system of amphibia. , 1966, Journal of neurophysiology.

[67]  C. Fajszi,et al.  Development of beta-adrenergic receptors and their function in glia-neuron communication in cultured chick brain. , 1983, Brain research.

[68]  H. Steinbusch,et al.  Localization of cGMP in the cerebellum of the adult rat: an immunohistochemical study , 1989, Brain Research.

[69]  M. Ichikawa,et al.  Light and electron microscopic demonstration of guanylate cyclase in rat brain , 1983, Brain Research.

[70]  B. Katz,et al.  Physiological and structural changes at the amphibian myoneural junction, in the course of nerve degeneration , 1960, The Journal of physiology.

[71]  Stephen J. Smith,et al.  The excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate causes filopodia formation in cultured hippocampal astrocytes , 1990, Glia.

[72]  David P. Corey,et al.  Immunological, morphological, and electrophysiological variation among retinal ganglion cells purified by panning , 1988, Neuron.

[73]  Sanford L. Palay,et al.  The fine structure of the nervous system: The neurons and supporting cells , 1976 .

[74]  F. Walberg,et al.  Aspartate-like and glutamate-like immunoreactivities in the inferior olive and climbing fibre system: A light microscopic and semiquantitative electron microscopic study in rat and baboon (Papio anubis) , 1990, Neuroscience.

[75]  S. Chiu,et al.  Differential intracellular calcium responses to glutamate in type 1 and type 2 cultured brain astrocytes , 1991, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[76]  D. Corey,et al.  Ion channel expression by white matter glia: The type-1 astrocyte , 1990, Neuron.

[77]  P. F. Baker,et al.  Glutamate transport in invertebrate nerve: the relative importance of ions and metabolic energy. , 1973, The Journal of physiology.

[78]  S. Snyder,et al.  Nitric oxide mediates glutamate-linked enhancement of cGMP levels in the cerebellum. , 1989, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[79]  H. Kettenmann,et al.  GABA-activated Cl- channels in astrocytes of hippocampal slices , 1989, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[80]  D. Corey,et al.  Glial and neuronal forms of the voltage-dependent sodium channel: characteristics and cell-type distribution , 1989, Neuron.

[81]  R. Miller,et al.  Fibrous and protoplasmic astrocytes are biochemically and developmentally distinct , 1984, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[82]  E. A. Schwartz,et al.  Electrophysiology of glutamate and sodium co‐transport in a glial cell of the salamander retina. , 1990, The Journal of physiology.

[83]  J. Bockaert,et al.  Arachidonic acid released from striatal neurons by joint stimulation of ionotropic and metabotropic quisqualate receptors , 1990, Nature.

[84]  K. McCarthy,et al.  Preparation of separate astroglial and oligodendroglial cell cultures from rat cerebral tissue , 1980, The Journal of cell biology.

[85]  Stuart G. Cull-Candy,et al.  Multiple conductance channels in type-2 cerebellar astrocytes activated by excitatory amino acids , 1989, Nature.

[86]  R. Tsien,et al.  Three types of neuronal calcium channel with different calcium agonist sensitivity , 1985, Nature.

[87]  S. Murphy,et al.  Astrocyte glutamate receptor activation promotes inositol phospholipid turnover and calcium flux , 1986, Neuroscience Letters.

[88]  R. Miller,et al.  The macroglial cells of the rat optic nerve. , 1989, Annual review of neuroscience.

[89]  P. Ascher,et al.  Glycine potentiates the NMDA response in cultured mouse brain neurons , 1987, Nature.

[90]  A. Schousboe,et al.  Metabolism and Release of Glutamate in Cerebellar Granule Cells Cocultured with Astrocytes from Cerebellum or Cerebral Cortex , 1991, Journal of neurochemistry.

[91]  E. M. Lieberman Role of Glutamate in Axon‐Schwann Cell Signaling in the Squid a , b , 1991, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[92]  D. Purves,et al.  Neuron/glia relationships observed over intervals of several months in living mice , 1988, The Journal of cell biology.

[93]  J. Garthwaite,et al.  Endothelium-derived relaxing factor release on activation of NMDA receptors suggests role as intercellular messenger in the brain , 1988, Nature.

[94]  S. Chiu,et al.  Potassium channel regulation in Schwann cells during early developmental myelinogenesis , 1990, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[95]  D. Attwell,et al.  Arachidonic acid induces a prolonged inhibition of glutamate uptake into glial cells , 1989, Nature.

[96]  E A Newman,et al.  Inward-rectifying potassium channels in retinal glial (Muller) cells , 1993, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[97]  E. A. Schwartz,et al.  Modulation of an electrical synapse between solitary pairs of catfish horizontal cells by dopamine and second messengers. , 1989, The Journal of physiology.

[98]  I. Morita,et al.  Arachidonic acid metabolism in cultured astrocytes from rat embryo and in C6 glioma cells , 1989, Brain Research.