How Often and How Long Should a Cognitive Radio Sense the Spectrum?

This paper presents a Bayesian framework and a pricing structure for a secondary wireless user that opportunistically uses a RF channel licensed to a network of N primary users. The secondary user operates in a time-slotted fashion, where each time slot consists of observing the channel for D seconds followed by possibly using it for W seconds depending on the decision the user makes after observing the channel. The paper assumes the secondary user observes the on-off Markov process modeling the primary user activity corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise, and it employs a decision rule that is a time-averager followed by a threshold device. The pricing structure includes rewards for the secondary user when it uses the channel without interfering with the primary users and penalties when it does so and it interferes. The paper derives a formula for the average per unit time net profit of the secondary user. Numerical results are presented that show the behavior of the maximum profit of the secondary user, its throughput, and the resulting level of interference to the primary users as functions of various network parameters.

[1]  Sheldon M. Ross,et al.  Stochastic Processes , 2018, Gauge Integral Structures for Stochastic Calculus and Quantum Electrodynamics.

[2]  Anant Sahai,et al.  Cooperative Sensing among Cognitive Radios , 2006, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Communications.

[3]  A. Motamedi,et al.  MAC Protocol Design for Spectrum-agile Wireless Networks: Stochastic Control Approach , 2007, 2007 2nd IEEE International Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks.

[4]  Yong Huat Chew,et al.  On the Distribution of Opportunity Time for the Secondary Usage of Spectrum , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[5]  A. Ghasemi,et al.  Collaborative spectrum sensing for opportunistic access in fading environments , 2005, First IEEE International Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, 2005. DySPAN 2005..

[6]  K.G. Shin,et al.  Fast Discovery of Spectrum Opportunities in Cognitive Radio Networks , 2008, 2008 3rd IEEE Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks.

[7]  Kang G. Shin,et al.  Efficient Discovery of Spectrum Opportunities with MAC-Layer Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[8]  Simon Haykin,et al.  Cognitive radio: brain-empowered wireless communications , 2005, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[9]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  NeXt generation/dynamic spectrum access/cognitive radio wireless networks: A survey , 2006, Comput. Networks.

[10]  Anant Sahai,et al.  Some Fundamental Limits on Cognitive Radio , 2004 .

[11]  Brian M. Sadler,et al.  A Survey of Dynamic Spectrum Access , 2007, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine.

[12]  Amir Ghasemi,et al.  Optimization of Spectrum Sensing for Opportunistic Spectrum Access in Cognitive Radio Networks , 2007, 2007 4th IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference.

[13]  Zhi Ding,et al.  Opportunistic spectrum access in cognitive radio networks , 2008, IJCNN.

[14]  Jeffrey H. Reed,et al.  Convergence of cognitive radio networks , 2004, 2004 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8733).

[15]  Brian M. Sadler,et al.  Opportunistic Spectrum Access via Periodic Channel Sensing , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[16]  L. Takács.  On certain sojourn time problems in the theory of stochastic processes , 1957 .

[17]  Joseph Mitola,et al.  Cognitive radio: making software radios more personal , 1999, IEEE Wirel. Commun..

[18]  Yonghong Zeng,et al.  Sensing-Throughput Tradeoff for Cognitive Radio Networks , 2008, IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun..

[19]  Ananthram Swami,et al.  Decentralized cognitive MAC for opportunistic spectrum access in ad hoc networks: A POMDP framework , 2007, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[20]  Ananthram Swami,et al.  Joint Design and Separation Principle for Opportunistic Spectrum Access in the Presence of Sensing Errors , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.

[21]  Qing Zhao,et al.  Separation principle for opportunistic spectrum access in unslotted primary systems , 2009, 2009 43rd Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems.

[22]  Q. Zhao,et al.  Decentralized cognitive mac for dynamic spectrum access , 2005, First IEEE International Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, 2005. DySPAN 2005..

[23]  Dusit Niyato,et al.  Competitive Pricing for Spectrum Sharing in Cognitive Radio Networks: Dynamic Game, Inefficiency of Nash Equilibrium, and Collusion , 2008, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[24]  K. Ramchandran,et al.  Detecting primary receivers for cognitive radio applications , 2005, First IEEE International Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, 2005. DySPAN 2005..

[25]  R.W. Brodersen,et al.  Implementation issues in spectrum sensing for cognitive radios , 2004, Conference Record of the Thirty-Eighth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, 2004..