Facial Emotional Expressions of Li fe-like Character Based on Text Classifier and Fuzzy Logic

A system consists of a text classifier and Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) to build a life-like virtual character capable of expressing emotion from a text input is proposed. The system classifies emotional content of sentence(s) from text input and expresses corresponding emotion by a facial expression. Text input is classified using the text classifier, while facial expression of the life-like character are controlled by FIS utilizing results from the text classifier. A number of text classifier methods are employed and their performances are evaluated using Leave-One-Out Cross Validation. In real world application such as animation movie, the life- like virtual character of proposed system needs to be animated. As a demonstration, examples of facial expressions with corre- sponding text input as results from the implementation of our system are shown. The system is able to show facial expressions with admixture blending emotions. This paper also describes animation characteristics of the system using neutral expression as center of facial expression transition from one emotion to another. Emotion transition can be viewed as gradual decrease or increase of emotion intensity from one emotion toward other emotion. Experimental results show that animation of life- like character expressing emotion transition can be generated automatically using proposed system.

[1]  C. Izard.  Emotions and facial expressions: A perspective from Differential Emotions Theory. , 1997 .

[2]  Rosni Abdullah,et al.  Automatic Topic Identification Using Ontology Hierarchy , 2001, CICLing.

[3]  Steven Bird,et al.  NLTK: The Natural Language Toolkit , 2002, ACL.

[4]  Joseph Bates,et al.  The role of emotion in believable agents , 1994, CACM.

[5]  Yoram Singer,et al.  Context-sensitive learning methods for text categorization , 1996, SIGIR '96.

[6]  Aldo Paradiso,et al.  A Model for the Generation and Combination of Emotional Expressions , 2001 .

[7]  Edward A. Fox,et al.  Recent Developments in Document Clustering , 2007 .

[8]  Ian H. Witten,et al.  The WEKA data mining software: an update , 2009, SKDD.

[9]  A. Ortony,et al.  What's basic about basic emotions? , 1990, Psychological review.

[10]  EKSPRESI EMOSI PADA MODEL WAJAH TIGA DIMENSI MENGGUNAKAN NAIVE BAYES DAN LOGIKA FUZZY , 2010 .

[11]  Shingo Kuroiwa,et al.  Japanese Emotion Corpus Analysis and its Usefor Automatic Emotion Word Identification , 2008, Eng. Lett..

[12]  Yoram Singer,et al.  BoosTexter: A Boosting-based System for Text Categorization , 2000, Machine Learning.

[13]  D. Marschall,et al.  Are Shame , Guilt , and Embarrassment Distinct Emotions ? , 2001 .

[14]  Thorsten Joachims,et al.  Text Categorization with Support Vector Machines: Learning with Many Relevant Features , 1998, ECML.

[15]  Yiming Yang,et al.  An Evaluation of Statistical Approaches to Text Categorization , 1999, Information Retrieval.

[16]  T. Danisman,et al.  Feeler: Emotion Classification of Text Using Vector Space Model , 2008 .

[17]  D. Ho,et al.  Guilt, Shame and Embarrassment: Revelations of Face and Self , 2004 .

[18]  William W. Cohen.  Learning Rules that Classify E-Mail , 1996 .

[19]  Suzanne M. Retzinger,et al.  Identifying Shame and Anger in Discourse , 1995 .

[20]  Fabrizio Sebastiani,et al.  Machine learning in automated text categorization , 2001, CSUR.

[21]  Magy Seif El-Nasr.  Modeling emotion dynamics in intelligent agents , 1998 .

[22]  J. Stainer,et al.  The Emotions , 1922, Nature.

[23]  Yiming Yang,et al.  A Study of Approaches to Hypertext Categorization , 2002, Journal of Intelligent Information Systems.

[24]  Klaus R. Scherer,et al.  Invited article: Face, voice, and body in detecting deceit , 1991 .

[25]  P. Ekman.  An argument for basic emotions , 1992 .

[26]  C. Fellbaum.  An Electronic Lexical Database , 1998 .

[27]  T. D. Bui,et al.  Creating Emotions and Facial Expressions for Embodied Agents , 2004 .

[28]  Dacher Keltner,et al.  Evidence for the Distinctness of Embarrassment, Shame, and Guilt: A Study of Recalled Antecedents and Facial Expressions of Emotion , 1996 .

[29]  J.D.R. Wey,et al.  Interface: a real time facial animation system , 1998, Proceedings SIBGRAPI'98. International Symposium on Computer Graphics, Image Processing, and Vision (Cat. No.98EX237).

[30]  R. S. Miller,et al.  Are shame, guilt, and embarrassment distinct emotions? , 1996, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[31]  Andrew McCallum,et al.  A comparison of event models for naive bayes text classification , 1998, AAAI 1998.

[32]  P. Ekman.  Emotion in the human face , 1982 .

[33]  David D. Lewis,et al.  Naive (Bayes) at Forty: The Independence Assumption in Information Retrieval , 1998, ECML.

[34]  Arvid Kappas,et al.  What Facial Activity Can and Cannot Tell us About Emotions , 2003 .

[35]  GhaniRayid,et al.  A Study of Approaches to Hypertext Categorization , 2002 .

[36]  G. Reeke.  Marvin Minsky, The Society of Mind , 1991, Artif. Intell..

[37]  A. Murat Tekalp,et al.  Face and 2-D mesh animation in MPEG-4 , 2000, Signal Process. Image Commun..

[38]  Andrew McCallum,et al.  Using Maximum Entropy for Text Classification , 1999 .

[39]  P. Ekman.  Facial expression and emotion. , 1993, The American psychologist.

[40]  Hugo Liu,et al.  ConceptNet — A Practical Commonsense Reasoning Tool-Kit , 2004 .

[41]  Russell Beale,et al.  Simulated Emotion in Affective Embodied Agents , 2008, Affect and Emotion in Human-Computer Interaction.

[42]  David R. Karger,et al.  Tackling the Poor Assumptions of Naive Bayes Text Classifiers , 2003, ICML.