Rock glaciers

we review a substantial part of the literature and attempt an amalgamation of ideas and a simplification of some terms used in the widespread writings on this subject. Problems of identification, classification, and terminology are covered, together with, in the second part, discussion on origin, the models of formation and flow mechanics. The significance of rock glacier studies, expecially with respect to palaeoenvironmental reconstruction, is also reviewed.

[1]  J. Armstrong,et al.  Geology and mineral deposits of Aiken Lake map-area, British Columbia , 1948 .

[2]  S. Morris.  Topoclimatic Factors and the Development of Rock Glacier Facies, Sangre de Cristo Mountains, Southern Colorado , 1981 .

[3]  S. Harris.  Distribution of active glaciers and rock glaciers compared to the distribution of permafrost landforms, based on freezing and thawing indices , 1981 .

[4]  P. Johnson.  Rock glacier types and their drainage systems, Grizzly Creek, Yukon Territory , 1978 .

[5]  Horace B. Patton.  Rock streams of Veta Peak, Colorado , 1910 .

[6]  A. L. Washburn,et al.  Geocryology: A survey of periglacial processes and environments , 1979 .

[7]  S. E. White.  ALPINE MASS MOVEMENT FORMS (NONCATASTROPHIC): CLASSIFICATION, DESCRIPTION, AND SIGNIFICANCE , 1981 .

[8]  Steven W. Squyres,et al.  Martian fretted terrain: Flow of erosional debris , 1978 .

[9]  A. Cox,et al.  ROCK GLACIERS IN THE ALASKA RANGE , 1959 .

[10]  P. Johnson.  Mass Movement of Ablation Complexes and Their Relationship to Rock Glaciers , 1974 .

[11]  S. Outcalt,et al.  Photo-Interpretation of two Types of Rock Glacier in the Colorado Front Range, U.S.A. , 1965, Journal of Glaciology.

[12]  S. E. White.  Rock Glaciers and Block fields, Review and new data , 1976, Quaternary Research.

[13]  J. Ellis,et al.  Nature and Distribution of Glaciers, Neoglacial Moraines, and Rock Glaciers, East-Central Brooks Range, Alaska , 1979, Arctic and Alpine Research.

[14]  H. Åkerman.  Notes on Talus Morphology and Processes in Spitsbergen , 1984 .

[15]  S. R. Capps.  Rock Glaciers in Alaska , 1910, The Journal of Geology.

[16]  H. T. Smith,et al.  Photogeologic Study of Periglacial Talus Glaciers in Northwestern Canada , 1973 .

[17]  J. Tyrrell.  "Rock Glaciers" or Chrystocrenes , 1910, The Journal of Geology.

[18]  C. Ballantyne.  The Late Devensian periglaciation of upland Scotland , 1984 .

[19]  G. Østrem.  Rock glaciers and ice-cored moraines, a reply to D. Barsch. , 1971 .

[20]  J. B. Benedict,et al.  The Fourth of July Valley: Glacial Geology and Archeology of the Timberline Ecotone , 1982 .

[21]  Tree-Ring Dating of Snow Avalanche Tracks and the Geomorphic Activity of Avalanches, Northern Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming , 1969 .

[22]  J. Blagbrough,et al.  Rock glaciers in the San Mateo Mountains, south-central New Mexico , 1968 .

[23]  R. Madole.  NEOGLACIAL FACIES IN THE COLORADO FRONT RANGE , 1972 .

[24]  D. Barsch.  Rock glaciers and ice-cored moraines. , 1971 .

[25]  G. Østrem,et al.  Ice-cored moraines in southern British Columbia and Alberta, Canada. , 1970 .

[26]  M. Hambrey,et al.  Rock Glaciers in Northern Spitsbergen , 1980, The Journal of Geology.

[27]  Noel L. Potter,et al.  Ice-Cored Rock Glacier, Galena Creek, Northern Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming , 1972 .

[28]  H. Kerschner.  PALEOCLIMATIC INFERENCES FROM LATE WURM ROCK GLACIERS, EASTERN CENTRAL ALPS, WESTERN TYROL, AUSTRIA , 1978 .

[29]  D. Barsch.  Nature and importance of mass‐wasting by rock glaciers in alpine permafrost environments , 1977 .

[30]  André Chaix,et al.  Les coulées de blocs du Parc national suisse d'Engadine (Note préliminaire) , 1923 .

[31]  T. Péwé.  Alpine Permafrost in the Contiguous United States: A Review , 1983, Arctic and Alpine Research.

[32]  G. Østrem.  Ice-Cored Moraines in Scandinavia , 1964 .

[33]  Jane M. Soons,et al.  GEOCRYOLOGY, A SURVEY OF PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES AND ENVIRONMENTS , 1981 .

[34]  N. Caine.  Elevational contrasts in contemporary geomorphic activity in the Colorado front range , 1984 .

[35]  J. Shroder,et al.  TREE-RING ANALYSIS OF MOVEMENT OF A ROCK-GLACIER COMPLEX ON MOUNT MESTAS, COLORADO, U.S.A. , 1984 .

[36]  R. F. Flint,et al.  Quaternary geology of Boulder Mountain, Aquarius Plateau, Utah , 1958 .

[37]  B. Lucchitta.  Mars and Earth: Comparison of cold-climate features , 1981 .

[38]  J. P. Johnson,et al.  Englacial temperature and deformation of a rock glacier in the Kluane Range, Yukon Territory, Canada , 1979 .

[39]  W. Haeberli,et al.  Creep of mountain permafrost:internal structure and flow of Alpine rock glaciers. , 1985 .

[40]  P. Johnson.  Rock Glacier Formation by High-Magnitude Low-Frequency Slope Processes in the Southwest Yukon , 1984 .

[41]  W. B. Whalley,et al.  A rock glacier and moraine–ridge complex, Lyngen Peninsula, north Norway , 1979 .

[42]  D Ole Humlum Ph.,et al.  Rock glacier types on Disko, Central West Greenland , 1982 .

[43]  P. Johnson.  ROCK GLACIERS. A CASE FOR A CHANGE IN NOMENCLATURE , 1983 .

[44]  W. Mahaney.  Late Quaternary Rock Glaciers, Mount Kenya, Kenya , 1980, Journal of Glaciology.