Global positioning system analysis of elite and sub-elite Scottish field hockey: understanding the physical demands of competition and training

The purpose of this doctoral thesis was to identify the physical activity of Scottish elite and sub-elite field hockey competition and training. Secondary aims included the identification of specific analysis procedures and training interventions for this group. Global Positioning System (GPS) analysis was used to quantify the physical activity demands at both levels. All observations were made using the Catapult MinimaxX 5 Hz GPS for male and female field hockey in both the elite and sub-elite environment. Initial study validated the use of Full Game (FG) analysis as a more specific measure of field hockey competition than Time on Pitch (TOP) analysis due to the inclusion of bench time important in field hockey. Competition and training analysis reported that elite Scottish players complete less activity than other elite players in the literature. Analysis of training showed that the drills used have the potential to stimulate the correct energy systems but are affected by duration and skill level. The comparison of elite and sub-elite field hockey revealed the utilisation of energy systems was different at each level of competition. Opposition ranking was shown to negatively affect competition activity when playing against high and low ranking teams. Additionally, poorer skill levels in the sub-elite environment reduces the intensity of competition and training thus diminishing the conditioning effect during the domestic season. Elite Scottish hockey players are detrimentally affected by the sub-elite environment – the reduced activity in sub-elite field hockey and inappropriate conditioning stimulus affect the resultant activity levels in elite competition. To further investigate this area it is necessary to study potential training interventions to improve speed training and potential logistical changes such as player drafts and rules regarding player numbers in a match day squad.