Analysis and design of post-wall waveguides for application in SIW

The post-wall waveguide (PWWG) is a microwave transmission line that combines integrability with printed circuit board technology with relatively low loss at millimeter-wave frequencies. The side walls of a PWWG do not consist of flat surfaces, as in a rectangular waveguide, but of a set of cylindrical posts. To characterize PWWGs electromagnetically we present a model based on a 2D formulation of Maxwell’s equations. A modal expansion of the fields around the cylindrical posts in the PWWG results in a matrix equation from which the scattered field induced by an excitation field can be determined. Using Lorentz’s reciprocity theorem, we derive integral equations that relate the electromagnetic fields to surface currents. The propagation constant can be determined by considering an infinitely-long PWWG. Since the series in the corresponding modal or moment equation does not converge for complex propagation constants, the calculation of losses requires an alternate model. Combining the modal formulation and the integral formulation we can adequately describe the electromagnetic behavior of a PWWG component by electric and magnetic surface currents at port planes. The transfer from port to port is calculated from this characterization and subsequently the scattering parameters of the PWWG component are determined. The second part of the thesis concerns the design, realization and measurement of PWWG structures. An excitation structure consisting of a slot-coupled grounded co-planar waveguide positioned in the top ground plane of the PWWG excites the dominant mode in the PWWG over almost its full bandwidth. As in the case of rectangular waveguides, straight sections of PWWG are the basis for the design of components such as bends and splitters. By combining components and by selectively adding and removing posts, complex components such as Butler matrices and filters are realized. To compare simulation and measurement results, sets of PWWG test components have been manufactured, including uniform lines, phase shifters, a bend, a T-splitter, couplers, and a 4x4 Butler matrix.

[1]  Ke Wu,et al.  The substrate integrated circuits - a new concept for high-frequency electronics and optoelectronics , 2003, 6th International Conference on Telecommunications in Modern Satellite, Cable and Broadcasting Service, 2003. TELSIKS 2003..

[2]  Yong Fan,et al.  Design of Low-Profile Millimeter-Wave Substrate Integrated Waveguide Power Divider/Combiner , 2007 .

[3]  Y. Cassivi,et al.  Substrate integrated circuits concept applied to the nonradiative dielectric guide , 2005 .

[4]  R. Marks.  A multiline method of network analyzer calibration , 1991 .

[5]  van de,et al.  LEGO : linear embedding via Green's operators , 2007 .

[6]  J. Izadian,et al.  Microwave Transition Design , 1988 .

[7]  D. Parker,et al.  Phased arrays - part 1: theory and architectures , 2002 .

[8]  Ke Wu,et al.  Substrate Integrated Image Guide Array Antenna for the Upper Millimeter-Wave Spectrum , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[9]  D. Pissoort,et al.  Study of eigenmodes in periodic waveguides using the Lorentz reciprocity theorem , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[10]  Ke Wu,et al.  Substrate Integrated Waveguide Cross-Coupled Filter With Negative Coupling Structure , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[12]  Giampiero Gerini,et al.  Design and Analysis of EBG Based Integrated Waveguide Structures for Microwave and MM-Wave Feed Networks , 2006 .

[13]  Makoto Ando,et al.  Feed through an Aperture to a Post-Wall Waveguide with Step Structure , 2005, IEICE Trans. Commun..

[14]  Ke Wu,et al.  94-GHz Planar Dielectric Rod Antenna With Substrate Integrated Image Guide (SIIG) Feeding , 2006, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[15]  I. S. Gradshteyn,et al.  Table of Integrals, Series, and Products , 1976 .

[16]  Ke Wu,et al.  Guided-wave and leakage characteristics of substrate integrated waveguide , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[17]  A. Taflove,et al.  Substrate integrated waveguides optimized for ultrahigh-speed digital interconnects , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[18]  Jui-Ching Cheng,et al.  Designs for broad-band microstrip vertical transitions using cavity couplers , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[19]  Wei Hong,et al.  Novel Substrate Integrated Waveguide fixed phase shifter for 180-degree Directional Coupler , 2007, 2007 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium.

[20]  A. Scherer,et al.  Design and fabrication of silicon photonic crystal optical waveguides , 2000, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[21]  K. Wu,et al.  Integrated microstrip and rectangular waveguide in planar form , 2001, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters.

[22]  Cheng-Jung Lee,et al.  H-Plane Mode Conversion and Application in Printed Microwave Integrated Circuit , 2000, 2000 30th European Microwave Conference.

[23]  J. Hirokawa,et al.  A stepped post-wall waveguide with aperture interface to standard waveguide , 2004, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Symposium, 2004..

[24]  Ke Wu,et al.  A subharmonic self-oscillating mixer using substrate integrated waveguide cavity for millimeter-wave application , 2005, IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, 2005..

[25]  Ke Wu,et al.  Singly balanced mixer using substrate integrated waveguide magic-T structure , 2008, 2008 European Conference on Wireless Technology.

[26]  Ke Wu,et al.  Analysis and design of current probe transition from grounded coplanar to substrate integrated rectangular waveguides , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[27]  G. Olaofe.  Scattering cross section for two cylinders , 1970 .

[28]  E. Paleczny,et al.  Multimode TRL. A new concept in microwave measurements: theory and experimental verification , 1998 .

[29]  K. S. Packard,et al.  The Origin of Waveguides: A Case of Multiple Rediscovery , 1984 .

[30]  V. H. Rumsey,et al.  Reaction Concept in Electromagnetic Theory , 1954 .

[31]  Nathan Marcuvitz.  Waveguide Handbook , 1951 .

[32]  L. Goddard.  Linear Differential Operators , 1962, Nature.

[33]  Ke Wu,et al.  Design Consideration and Performance Analysis of Substrate Integrated Waveguide Components , 2002, 2002 32nd European Microwave Conference.

[34]  T. Leonard,et al.  Frequency selective surfaces , 1977 .

[35]  Martin Streetly,et al.  Jane's Radar and Electronic Warfare Systems , 1992 .

[36]  Thomas Weise,et al.  Global Optimization Algorithms -- Theory and Application , 2009 .

[37]  Ke Wu,et al.  Substrate integrated image guide (SIIG)-a planar dielectric waveguide technology for millimeter-wave applications , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[38]  A. Raisanen,et al.  Novel wide-band coplanar waveguide-to-rectangular waveguide transition , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[39]  V. Lancellotti,et al.  Linear embedding via Green's operators , 2012, 2012 42nd European Microwave Conference.

[40]  Dries Vande Ginste,et al.  Fast-Multipole Analysis of Electromagnetic Scattering by Photonic Crystal Slabs , 2007, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[41]  S. V. van Eijndhoven,et al.  An eigencurrent description of finite arrays of electromagnetically characterized elements , 2009 .

[42]  H. Riblet.  The Short-Slot Hybrid Junction , 1952, Proceedings of the IRE.

[43]  A. Omar,et al.  Introduction of an effective waveguide width in transmission/reflection methods for dielectric measurements , 2007, 2007 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium.

[44]  Henri Benisty,et al.  Modal analysis of optical guides with two‐dimensional photonic band‐gap boundaries , 1996 .

[45]  A. Kishk,et al.  Special Issue on Artificial Magnetic Conductors, Soft/Hard Surfaces, and Other Complex Surfaces , 2005 .

[46]  E. Yablonovitch,et al.  Inhibited spontaneous emission in solid-state physics and electronics. , 1987, Physical review letters.

[47]  D. Parker,et al.  Phased arrays-part II: implementations, applications, and future trends , 2002 .

[48]  Ke Wu,et al.  Development of substrate integrated waveguide power dividers , 2003, CCECE 2003 - Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering. Toward a Caring and Humane Technology (Cat. No.03CH37436).

[49]  A. T. Hoop.  Handbook of radiation and scattering of waves , 1995 .

[50]  Tah-Hsiung Chu,et al.  Measurement of frequency-dependent equivalent width of substrate integrated waveguide , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[51]  Hai-Young Lee,et al.  Ultra-Wideband CPW-to-Substrate Integrated Waveguide Transition Using an Elevated-CPW Section , 2008, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters.

[52]  M. Bozzi,et al.  Analysis of Substrate Integrated Slab Waveguides (SISW) by the BI-RME method , 2003, IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, 2003.

[53]  F. Olyslager,et al.  Including PML-based absorbing boundary conditions in the MLFMA , 2005, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[54]  Ke Wu,et al.  W-band multiport substrate-integrated waveguide circuits , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[55]  A. Adibi,et al.  Properties of the slab modes in photonic crystal optical waveguides , 2000, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[56]  M. Shahabadi,et al.  Effect of dielectric losses on the propagation characteristics of the substrate integrated waveguide , 2005, 2005 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference Proceedings.

[57]  R. M. Barrett.  Microwave Printed Circuits--The Early Years , 1984 .

[58]  Yong Fan,et al.  X-band broadband substrate integrated rectangular waveguide power divider , 2008 .

[59]  George E. Ponchak,et al.  A new rectangular waveguide to coplanar waveguide transition , 1990, IEEE International Digest on Microwave Symposium.

[60]  Ke Wu,et al.  Toward an optimum design of NRD-guide and microstrip-line transition for hybrid-integration technology , 1998 .

[61]  Ke Wu,et al.  Single-substrate integration technique of planar circuits and waveguide filters , 2003 .

[62]  Ke Wu,et al.  Substrate-Integrated-Waveguide Circulators Suitable for Millimeter-Wave Integration , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[63]  A. Kishk,et al.  Modeling of cylindrical objects by circular dielectric and conducting cylinders , 1992 .

[64]  J. Vardaxoglou.  Frequency Selective Surfaces: Analysis and Design , 1997 .

[65]  R. Sainati,et al.  A non-contact interconnection through an electrically thick ground plate common to two microstrip lines , 1995 .

[66]  Ke Wu,et al.  Modeling of Conductor, Dielectric, and Radiation Losses in Substrate Integrated Waveguide by the Boundary Integral-Resonant Mode Expansion Method , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[67]  Kai-Ming Ho,et al.  Dielectric waveguides in two-dimensional photonic bandgap materials , 1999 .

[68]  J. Hirokawa,et al.  A slotted post-wall waveguide array with inter-digital structure for 45-deg linear and dual polarization , 2004, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Symposium, 2004..

[69]  A. Grbic,et al.  An Electromagnetic Crystal Green Function Multiple Scattering Technique for Arbitrary Polarizations, Lattices, and Defects , 2007, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[70]  R. Levy,et al.  Derivation of equivalent circuits of microwave structures using numerical techniques , 1999 .

[71]  R. Kaul,et al.  Microwave engineering , 1989, IEEE Potentials.

[72]  F. V. van Vliet,et al.  Design and measurement of metallic post-wall waveguide components , 2009, 2009 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest.

[73]  Roger B. Marks,et al.  Formulations of the Basic Vector Network Analyzer Error Model including Switch-Terms , 1997, 50th ARFTG Conference Digest.

[74]  W. Heinrich,et al.  Theory and measurements of flip-chip interconnects for frequencies up to 100 GHz , 2001 .

[75]  P de Maagt,et al.  Linear embedding via Green's operators: a modeling technique for finite electromagnetic band-gap structures. , 2005, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[76]  Ke Wu,et al.  Millimeter-wave wideband transition from CPW to substrate integrated waveguide on electrically thick high-permittivity substrates , 2007, 2007 European Microwave Conference.

[77]  Wei Hong,et al.  Finite-difference frequency-domain algorithm for modeling guided-wave properties of substrate integrated waveguide , 2003 .

[78]  Stefania Monni.  Frequency selective surfaces integrated with phased array antennas:analysis and design using multimode equivalent networks , 2005 .

[79]  A. Lamminen,et al.  60-GHz Patch Antennas and Arrays on LTCC With Embedded-Cavity Substrates , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[80]  R. Collin.  Field theory of guided waves , 1960 .

[82]  M. Foley,et al.  A generalized TRL algorithm for s-parameter de-embedding , 1993 .

[83]  G. Gerini,et al.  Multimode Equivalent Networks for the Design and Analysis of Frequency Selective Surfaces , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[84]  Ke Wu,et al.  Low-cost RF and microwave source design using substrate integrated waveguide technique , 2004, Proceedings. 2004 IEEE Radio and Wireless Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8746).

[85]  Atef Z. Elsherbeni,et al.  Scattering by parallel conducting circular cylinders , 1987 .

[86]  Stephen A. Maas,et al.  Nonlinear microwave circuits , 1988 .

[87]  J. Bray,et al.  Resonant frequencies of post-wall waveguide cavities , 2003 .

[88]  L. Milne‐Thomson.  A Treatise on the Theory of Bessel Functions , 1945, Nature.

[89]  J. Rao,et al.  Analysis of Small Aperture Coupling Between Rectangular Waveguide and Microstrip Line , 1981 .

[90]  J. Hirokawa,et al.  A slotted post-wall waveguide array with interdigital structure for 45/spl deg/ linear and dual polarization , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[91]  M. Ando,et al.  Single-layer feed waveguide consisting of posts for plane TEM wave excitation in parallel plates , 1998 .

[92]  Ke Wu,et al.  Integrated transition of coplanar to rectangular waveguides , 2001, 2001 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Sympsoium Digest (Cat. No.01CH37157).

[93]  J. Papapolymerou,et al.  Low-loss LTCC cavity filters using system-on-package technology at 60 GHz , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[95]  Gabriel M. Rebeiz,et al.  Some important properties of waveguide junction generalized scattering matrices in the context of the mode matching technique , 1994 .

[96]  William H. Press,et al.  Numerical recipes in C , 2002 .

[97]  Andrew J. Poggio,et al.  CHAPTER 4 – Integral Equation Solutions of Three-dimensional Scattering Problems , 1973 .

[98]  Ke Wu,et al.  Substrate integrated image guide (SIIG) - a low-loss waveguide for millimetre-wave applications , 2005, 2005 European Microwave Conference.

[99]  B. Morsink.  Fast modeling of electromagnetic fields for the design of phased array antennas in radar systems , 2005 .

[100]  V.E. Boria,et al.  Fast and accurate analysis and design of substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) filters , 2007, 2007 European Microwave Conference.

[101]  Ke Wu,et al.  Substrate integrated slab waveguide (SISW) for wideband microwave applications , 2003, IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, 2003.

[102]  G. Gerini,et al.  Planar circularly symmetric EBG structures for reducing surface waves in printed antennas , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[103]  H. Uchimura,et al.  Development of the "laminated waveguide" , 1998, 1998 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest (Cat. No.98CH36192).

[104]  L. Perregrini,et al.  Dispersion characteristics of substrate integrated rectangular waveguide , 2002, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters.

[105]  A. Taflove,et al.  Computational and experimental study of a microwave electromagnetic bandgap structure with waveguiding defect for potential use as a bandpass wireless interconnect , 2004, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters.

[106]  Ke Wu,et al.  Engraved NRD-guide for millimeter-wave integrated circuits , 2000, 2000 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest (Cat. No.00CH37017).