Attractants for management of the pine sawyer beetle Monochamus sutor, a potential vector of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Monochamus sutor (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a secondary wood borer that has been hypothesized as capable of transmitting Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causal agent of pine wilt disease (PWD). This fact supposes a risk of spread of PWD over Europe and has created an urgent need for effective tools to detect and monitor both the nematode and the insect species that vectors it. Recent reporting of 2‐undecyloxy‐1‐ethanol as the M. sutor male‐produced aggregation pheromone has opened the possibility of developing an efficient lure for this species. It is known that some European bark beetle pheromone compounds and host volatiles kairomonally attract this species. Besides, smoke volatiles from burnt trees might play a role in M. sutor host location. In this work, field trapping experiments during 3 years in three countries (Spain, Sweden and Austria), aimed to develop an efficient pheromone‐kairomone lure operative for M. sutor management were carried out. Electroantennographic responses by M. sutor to Ips pheromones and to the Pityogenes chalcographus pheromone chalcogran were also studied. GC‐EAG recording showed that M. sutor males and females clearly responded to ipsenol and ipsdienol, and females also responded to 2‐methyl‐3‐buten‐2‐ol. Chalcogran elicited a response to M. sutor female antennae. In field tests, ipsenol was the most attractive kairomone to both sexes of M. sutor, whereas ipsdienol, cis‐verbenol and 2‐methyl‐3‐buten‐2‐ol were attractive and chalcogran was unattractive. When combined with the pheromone, most bark beetle kairomones increased catches of both sexes although chalcogran was completely ineffective. Thus, ipsenol was the strongest individual kairomone for M. sutor and the best single kairomone to be combined with the pheromone. Smoke volatile blends tested in Spain and Austria did not elicit responses, suggesting that these compounds are likely not involved in host finding by this species.

[1]  Michael J. Crawley,et al.  The R book , 2022 .

[2]  H. Jactel,et al.  Combining pheromone and kairomones for effective trapping of the pine sawyer beetle Monochamus galloprovincialis , 2016 .

[3]  J. Pajares,et al.  Smoke, pheromone and kairomone olfactory receptor neurons in males and females of the pine sawyer Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). , 2015, Journal of insect physiology.

[4]  H. Jactel,et al.  Optimization of traps for live trapping of Pine Wood Nematode vector Monochamus galloprovincialis , 2015 .

[5]  F. Croci,et al.  Field response of non‐target beetles to Ips sexdentatus aggregation pheromone and pine volatiles , 2014 .

[6]  David Hall,et al.  2‐(Undecyloxy)‐ethanol is a major component of the male‐produced aggregation pheromone of Monochamus sutor , 2013 .

[7]  K. Togashi,et al.  Canopy-related adult density and sex-related flight activity of Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in pine stands , 2013, Applied Entomology and Zoology.

[8]  J. Millar,et al.  Field bioassays of cerambycid pheromones reveal widespread parsimony of pheromone structures, enhancement by host plant volatiles, and antagonism by components from heterospecifics , 2013, Chemoecology.

[9]  Daniel R. Miller,et al.  Attaching Lures to Multiple-Funnel Traps Targeting Saproxylic Beetles (Coleoptera) in Pine Stands: Inside or Outside Funnels? , 2013, Journal of economic entomology.

[10]  J. Millar,et al.  Response of the Woodborers Monochamus carolinensis and Monochamus titillator (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) to Known Cerambycid Pheromones in the Presence and Absence of the Host Plant Volatile &agr;-Pinene , 2012, Environmental entomology.

[11]  J. Millar,et al.  Identification of a Male-Produced Aggregation Pheromone for Monochamus scutellatus scutellatus and an Attractant for the Congener Monochamus notatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) , 2012, Journal of economic entomology.

[12]  J. Pajares,et al.  Field response of the six‐toothed pine bark beetle, Ips sexdentatus (Col.: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), to pheromonal blend candidates , 2012 .

[13]  R. Hofstetter,et al.  Attraction to monoterpenes and beetle‐produced compounds by syntopic Ips and Dendroctonus bark beetles and their predators , 2012 .

[14]  Jacob D. Wickham,et al.  A Male-Produced Aggregation Pheromone of Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a Major Vector of Pine Wood Nematode , 2011, Journal of economic entomology.

[15]  Daniel R. Miller,et al.  Bark Beetle Pheromones and Pine Volatiles: Attractant Kairomone Lure Blend for Longhorn Beetles (Cerambycidae) in Pine Stands of the Southeastern United States , 2011, Journal of economic entomology.

[16]  David Hall,et al.  Identification and Field Activity of a Male-Produced Aggregation Pheromone in the Pine Sawyer Beetle, Monochamus galloprovincialis , 2010, Journal of Chemical Ecology.

[17]  T. Schröder,et al.  Guidance on sampling to detect pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in trees, wood and insects. , 2009 .

[18]  J. Pajares,et al.  Kairomonal responses of Tomicus destruens (Col., Scolytidae) to host volatiles α‐pinene and ethanol , 2008 .

[19]  J. Pajares,et al.  An operative kairomonal lure for managing pine sawyer beetle Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera: Cerymbycidae) , 2007 .

[20]  J. Pajares,et al.  Attractive responses by Monochamus galloprovincialis (Col., Cerambycidae) to host and bark beetle semiochemicals , 2004 .

[21]  B. Strom,et al.  Statistical Problems Encountered in Trapping Studies of Scolytids and Associated Insects , 2004, Journal of Chemical Ecology.

[22]  P. Groot,et al.  Response of the whitespotted sawyer beetle, Monochamus s. scutellatus, and associated woodborers to pheromones of some Ips and Dendroctonus bark beetles , 2004 .

[23]  L. M. Schroeder.  Differences in responses to α-pinene and ethanol, and flight periods between the bark beetle predators Thanasimus femoralis and T. formicarius (Col.: Cleridae) , 2003 .

[24]  J. Borden,et al.  Differential Bio-Activity of Ips and Dendroctonus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Pheromone Components for Monochamus clamator and M. scutellatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) , 2003 .

[25]  J. Borden,et al.  KAIROMONAL RESPONSE BY FOUR Monochamus SPECIES (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) TO BARK BEETLE PHEROMONES , 2001, Journal of Chemical Ecology.

[26]  F. Stephen,et al.  Facultative Intraguild Predation by Larval Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) on Bark Beetle Larvae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) , 2001 .

[27]  K. Raffa,et al.  Effects of Host Tree Species on Attractiveness of Tunneling Pine Engravers, Ips pini, to Conspecifics and Insect Predators , 2000, Journal of Chemical Ecology.

[28]  Jessica Gurevitch,et al.  THE META‐ANALYSIS OF RESPONSE RATIOS IN EXPERIMENTAL ECOLOGY , 1999 .

[29]  S. Schütz,et al.  Insect antenna as a smoke detector , 1999, Nature.

[30]  C. Magnusson,et al.  Pest risk analysis (PRA) for the territories of the European Union (as PRA area) on Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its vectors in the genus Monochamus. , 1996 .

[31]  B. Ehnström,et al.  Insects in burned forests - forest protection and faunal conservation (preliminary results). , 1995 .

[32]  L. M. Schroeder,et al.  Reduced offspring production in bark beetleTomicus piniperda in pine bolts baited with ethanol and α-pinene, which attract antagonistic insects , 1994, Journal of Chemical Ecology.

[33]  D. A. Ross.  Damage by long-horned wood borers in fire-killed white spruce, central British Columbia. , 1960 .

[34]  Frank T. Parmelee.  Longhorned and flatheaded Borers attacking Fire-killed coniferous Timber in Michigan. , 1941 .

[35]  Bo Guang Zhao,et al.  Pine Wilt Disease in China , 2008 .

[36]  S. Shin.  Pine Wilt Disease in Korea , 2008 .

[37]  José Rodrigues.  National Eradication Programme for the Pinewood Nematode , 2008 .

[38]  M. Mota,et al.  Pine wilt disease : a worldwide threat to forest ecosystems , 2008 .

[39]  Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften.  Investigations on pathogenicity, invasion biology and population dynamics of the Pine Wood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner und Buhrer 1934) Nickle 1970 in European conifers , 2007 .

[40]  C. Asaro,et al.  Ipsenol and ipsdienol attract Monochamus titillator (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and associated large pine woodborers in southeastern United States. , 2005, Journal of economic entomology.

[41]  W. Burgermeister,et al.  First report of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Portugal and in Europe , 1999 .

[42]  S. Markalas.  Frequency and distribution of insect species on trunks in burnt pine forests of Greece. , 1997 .

[43]  C. Magnusson,et al.  Transmission of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus (Nematoda) to branches and bolts of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies by the cerambycid beetle Monochamus sutor , 1992 .

[44]  D. Hall,et al.  Gas Chromatography Linked to Electroantennography: A Versatile Technique for Identifying Insect Semiochemicals , 1990 .

[45]  H. Shorey.  Behavioral responses to insect pheromones. , 1973, Annual review of entomology.

[46]  Y. Mamiya,et al.  Transmission of Bursaphelenchus Lignicolus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) By Monochamus Alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) , 1972 .