Doppler developments in the last quinquennium.

The major advances which have taken place during the last five years in the development of ultrasonic Doppler devices and methods of Doppler signal analysis are reviewed. The following aspects of instrumentation are considered: crossed beam Doppler systems, range measuring Doppler systems, duplex systems, flow mapping systems, transducers and measurements of system performance. Analytical methods are discussed in the following categories: waveform analysis, including the extraction of single-value waveforms and their applications to the diagnosis of vascular disease; spectral analysis, including the derivation of frequency spectra and their application in the study of blood flow; and volume flow estimation. It is concluded that it is likely to be in the study of the information in Doppler frequency spectra, two-dimensional real-time Doppler images and in the measurement of blood flow volume that most progress will be made.

[1]  R W Barnes,et al.  Quantitative analysis of carotid artery Doppler spectral waveforms: diagnostic value of parameters. , 1983, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[2]  V. C. Roberts,et al.  Reduction of operator fatigue in doppler ultrasound blood flow investigations. , 1981, Journal of biomedical engineering.

[3]  R S Reneman,et al.  Methods to evaluate the sample volume of pulsed Doppler systems. , 1984, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[4]  S W Flax,et al.  Statistical evaluation of the doppler ultrasonic blood flowmeter. , 1971, ISA transactions.

[5]  W. Wei-qi,et al.  A double beam Doppler ultrasound method for quantitative blood flow velocity measurement. , 1982, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[6]  G.P.P. Gunarathne,et al.  A new stroboscope for schlieren and photoelastic visualization of ultrasound , 1983 .

[7]  D J Phillips,et al.  Detection of peripheral vascular disease using the Duplex Scanner III. , 1980, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[8]  G. R. Curry,et al.  Color coded ultrasonic differential velocity arterial scanner (Echoflow). , 1978, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[9]  R. Cobbold,et al.  Comparative study of four methods for quantifying Doppler ultrasound waveforms from the femoral artery. , 1984, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[10]  John M. Reid,et al.  Ultrasonic Doppler Technique for Imaging Blood Vessels , 1972, Science.

[11]  W. Campbell,et al.  Physiological interpretation of Doppler shift waveforms: the femorodistal segment in combined disease. , 1983, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[12]  J. Reid,et al.  An infinite gate pulse Doppler. , 1981, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[13]  D. Giddens,et al.  25 + 1 channel pulsed ultrasound Doppler velocity meter for quantitative flow measurements and turbulence analysis. , 1984, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[14]  K. Maršál,et al.  Ultrasonic measurement of human fetal blood flow. , 1982, Journal of biomedical engineering.

[15]  J P Woodcock,et al.  Physiological interpretation of Doppler-shift waveforms--III. Clinical results. , 1980, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[16]  C. Burckhardt,et al.  Comparison between spectrum and time interval histogram of ultrasound Doppler signals. , 1981, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[17]  J P Woodcock,et al.  Physiological interpretation of Doppler-shift waveforms--I. Theoretical considerations. , 1980, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[18]  E R Poore.  1 mm Catheter tip Doppler probe using a single crystal and bridge. , 1979, Ultrasonic imaging.

[19]  D H Evans,et al.  Some aspects of the relationship between instantaneous volumetric blood flow and continuous wave Doppler ultrasound recordings--III. The calculation of Doppler power spectra from mean velocity waveforms, and the results of processing these spectra with maximum, mean, and RMS frequency processors. , 1982, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[20]  V L Newhouse,et al.  A proposed standard target for ultrasound Doppler gain calibration. , 1982, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[21]  J. Meindl,et al.  Power-Spectrum Centroid Detection for Doppler Systems Applications , 1980 .

[22]  J. Woodcock,et al.  Doppler ultrasound and its use in clinical measurement , 1983 .

[23]  R. Gill.  Pulsed Doppler with B-mode imaging for quantitative blood flow measurement. , 1979, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[24]  J D Meindl,et al.  Blood flow measurement using the attenuation-compensated volume flowmeter. , 1979, Ultrasonic imaging.

[25]  D. Giddens,et al.  Turbulence measurements with pulsed Doppler ultrasound employing a frequency tracking method. , 1982, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[26]  Computerized evaluation of blood flow measurement indices using Doppler ultrasound. , 1983, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[27]  M Kassam,et al.  A critical study of ultrasound Doppler spectral analysis for detecting carotid disease. , 1982, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[28]  J. Plummer,et al.  On the Generation of High-Frequency Acoustic Energy with Polyvinylidene Fluoride , 1980, IEEE Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics.

[29]  P. Macpherson,et al.  Angioscan: a spectrum analyser for use with ultrasonic Doppler velocimeters. , 1981, Journal of medical engineering & technology.

[30]  R S Cobbold,et al.  Method for estimating the Doppler mean velocity waveform. , 1982, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[31]  M K Eyer,et al.  Color digital echo/Doppler image presentation. , 1981, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[32]  Near-Field Uniform Beams for Pulsed Doppler Ultrasound , 1980 .

[33]  M. Lunt.  Accuracy and limitations of the ultrasonic Doppler blood velocimeter and zero crossing detector. , 1975, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[34]  C D Bertram.  Distance resolution with the FM-CW ultrasonic echo-ranging system. , 1979, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[35]  S. W. Smith,et al.  Quantitative assessment of the common femoral to popliteal arterial segment using continuous wave doppler ultrasound. , 1980, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[36]  J. Murie,et al.  Ultrasonic doppler spectral broadening in the diagnosis of internal carotid artery stenosis. , 1983, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[37]  W. McDicken,et al.  Blood flow detection by an intersecting zone ultrasonic Doppler unit. , 1981, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[38]  C. Kasai,et al.  The development of real-time two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography and its clinical significance in acquired valvular diseases. With special reference to the evaluation of valvular regurgitation. , 1984, Japanese heart journal.

[39]  J P Woodcock,et al.  Physiological interpretation of Doppler-shift waveforms--II. Validation of the Laplace transform method for characterisation of the common femoral blood-velocity/time waveform. , 1980, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[40]  Richard S.C. Cobbold,et al.  Real-Time Two-Dimensional Blood Flow Imaging Using a Doppler Ultrasound Array , 1982 .

[41]  C L Lucas,et al.  Software analysis of 20 MHz pulsed Doppler quadrature data. , 1982, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[42]  B. Keagy,et al.  A quantitative method for the evaluation of spectral analysis patterns in carotid artery stenosis. , 1982, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[43]  D H Evans,et al.  Some aspects of the relationship between instantaneous volumetric blood flow and continuous wave Doppler ultrasound recordings--I. The effect of ultrasonic beam width on the output of maximum, mean and RMS frequency processors. , 1982, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[44]  R. Gramiak,et al.  Instrumentation for Noninvasive Cardiac Chamber Flow Rate Measurement , 1972 .

[45]  S. Uematsu,et al.  Determination of volume of arterial blood flow by an ultrasonic device , 1981, Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU.

[46]  K. Shung,et al.  On the Ultrasound Scattering from Blood as a Function of Hematocrit , 1982, IEEE Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics.

[47]  Andrew R. Walker,et al.  Evaluating doppler devices using a moving string test target , 1982, Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU.

[48]  M. Brandestini.  Topoflow - A digital full range Doppler velocity meter , 1978 .

[49]  V L Newhouse,et al.  On increasing the range of pulsed Doppler systems for blood flow measurement. , 1980, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[50]  W. Roth,et al.  Piezoelectric Transducers , 1949, Proceedings of the IRE.

[51]  L. G. Pourcelot.  Real-Time Blood Flow Imaging , 1979 .

[52]  D H Evans,et al.  The interpretation of continuous wave ultrasonic Doppler blood velocity signals viewed as a problem in pattern recognition. , 1984, Journal of biomedical engineering.

[53]  V. Newhouse,et al.  Ultrasonic random‐signal flow measurement system , 1974 .

[54]  P. Cooperberg,et al.  Mobile intraluminal masses of the gallbladder. , 1983, Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine.

[55]  R. Skidmore,et al.  Maximum frequency follower for the processing of ultrasonic Doppler shift signals. , 1978, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[56]  Chong-Cheng Fu,et al.  Annular Arrays for Quantitative Pulsed Doppler Ultrasonic Flowmeters , 1983 .

[57]  R. Reneman,et al.  Limitations of Doppler spectral broadening in the early detection of carotid artery disease due to the size of the sample volume. , 1983, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[58]  V. C. Roberts,et al.  Phase-locked loop techniques applied to ultrasonic Doppler signal processing. , 1976, Ultrasonics.

[59]  R W Gill,et al.  Performance of the mean frequency Doppler modulator. , 1979, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[60]  J. Tarbell,et al.  Effect of flow disturbance on ultrasonic backscatter from blood. , 1984, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[61]  L. J. Busse,et al.  1. Piezoelectric Transducers , 1981 .

[62]  The directional characteristics of some ultrasonic Doppler blood-flow probes. , 1981, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.