Strategic branding of destinations: a framework

Purpose – Travel and tourism is the second largest global industry with daily international revenues of approximately US$2 billion, and investments of 12 percent of world GDP. Though this is a highly competitive industry, there is a paucity of academic research on destination branding. This paper aims to present a branding framework for designing successful destination strategies. This exploratory study seeks to determine key factors that affect the strategic branding of destinations.Design/methodology/approach – Similar fields like place marketing, destination marketing, services, product and corporate branding were reviewed along with destination case studies. Based on this review and its extrapolation to the “destination context”, a framework for strategic branding of destinations was formulated.Findings – Successful strategic branding of destinations is dependent on several inter‐related components, which are discussed. The paper highlights key issues in destination branding and provides a platform fo...

[1]  Graham Hankinson,et al.  The brand images of tourism destinations: a study of the saliency of organic images , 2004 .

[2]  A. Ball,et al.  Service personalization and loyalty , 2006 .

[3]  Michael S. McCarthy,et al.  Improving competitive position using branded ingredients , 1999 .

[4]  M. Polonsky,et al.  Understanding issue complexity when building a socially responsible brand , 2006 .

[5]  P. Herbig,et al.  The multicultural context of brand loyalty , 2000 .

[6]  Mary Anne Raymond,et al.  A comparison of service quality dimensions conveyed in advertisements for service providers in the USA and Korea , 2005 .

[7]  L. Nilsson,et al.  Export processing zones as catalysts , 1997 .

[8]  A. O'Cass,et al.  An exploratory perspective of service brand associations , 2003 .

[9]  Bill Merrilees,et al.  Marketing stakeholder analysis: Branding the Brisbane Goodwill Games , 2005 .

[10]  L. Chernatony,et al.  The criteria for successful services brands , 2003 .

[11]  Y.L.R. Moorthi,et al.  An Approach to Branding Services , 2002 .

[12]  Yuksel Ekinci,et al.  Destination image and destination personality. , 2007 .

[13]  Dwayne D. Gremler,et al.  The loyalty ripple effect , 1999 .

[14]  J. Fahy,et al.  Incongruity between expression and experience: The role of imagery in supporting the positioning of a tourism destination brand , 2004 .

[15]  M. A. Robledo,et al.  Measuring and managing service quality: integrating customer expectations , 2001 .

[16]  Kay C. Tan,et al.  Tourist satisfaction in Singapore – a perspective from Indonesian tourists , 2003 .

[17]  G. Mcdougall,et al.  Customer satisfaction with services: putting perceived value into the equation , 2000 .

[18]  Charles L. Martin,et al.  Marketing research, market orientation and customer relationship management: a framework and implications for service providers , 2006 .

[19]  B. Leisen,et al.  Image segmentation: the case of a tourism destination , 2001 .

[20]  M. Balakrishnan Dubai – a star in the east: A case study in strategic destination branding , 2008 .

[21]  Chong Ju Choi,et al.  Singapore in transition: from technology to culture hub , 2006, J. Knowl. Manag..

[22]  Mohammed I. Eraqi Tourism services quality (TourServQual) in Egypt , 2006 .

[23]  Daniel Chan,et al.  The development of the airline industry from 1978 to 1998 – A strategic global overview , 2000 .

[24]  A. Woodside,et al.  The Dynamics of Traveler Destination Awareness and Search for Information Associated with Hosting the Olympic Games; Theory and Preliminary Test Results of the Impact of the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games on International Tourism Behavior , 2002 .

[25]  L. F. Cunningham,et al.  Customer perceptions of service dimensions: cross-cultural analysis and perspective , 2006 .

[26]  A. O'Cass,et al.  Brand associations: looking through the eye of the beholder , 2002 .

[27]  Bill Merrilees,et al.  A functional and symbolic perspective to branding Australian SME wineries , 2005 .

[28]  Beverly Gordon,et al.  The Souvenir: Messenger of the Extraordinary , 1986 .

[29]  P. McCole,et al.  The role of electronic commerce in creating virtual tourism destination marketing organisations , 2000 .

[30]  Paul Herbig,et al.  The relationship of reputation and credibility to brand success , 1993 .

[31]  Nigel Morgan,et al.  'Mood marketing' — The new destination branding strategy: A case study of 'Wales' The Brand , 1998 .

[32]  P. Taylor Leading World Cities: Empirical Evaluations of Urban Nodes in Multiple Networks , 2005 .

[33]  M. Beverland Creating value through brands: the ZESPRITM kiwi fruit case , 2001 .

[34]  Arch G. Woodside,et al.  A General Theory of Tourism Consumption Systems: A Conceptual Framework and an Empirical Exploration , 2002 .

[35]  Graham Hankinson,et al.  Place branding research: A cross-disciplinary agenda and the views of practitioners , 2010 .

[36]  Aron O'Cass,et al.  Exploring consumer experiences with a service brand , 2004 .

[37]  S. Pike Tourism destination branding complexity , 2005 .

[38]  Ying Fan The globalisation of Chinese brands , 2006 .

[39]  Maureen Eastgate Businesses profit through people , 2000 .

[40]  S. Reddy,et al.  Symbolic and functional positioning of brands , 1998 .

[41]  H. Arasli,et al.  Customer based brand equity: evidence from the hotel industry , 2007 .

[42]  Jonathan Low The value creation index , 2000 .

[43]  T. Meenaghan The role of advertising in brand image development , 1995 .

[44]  L. Wood Functional and symbolic attributes of product selection , 2007 .

[45]  Andreas Kelz,et al.  Global Branding: Why and How? , 1993 .

[46]  Graham Hankinson,et al.  Destination brand images: a business tourism perspective , 2005 .

[47]  Harold W. Berkman,et al.  Assessing the predictive validity of two methods of measuring self-image congruence , 1997 .

[48]  Tomás Bayón,et al.  The effect of word of mouth on services switching , 2004 .

[49]  Rajshekhar G. Javalgi,et al.  Service loyalty: implications for service providers , 1997 .

[50]  H. Bansal,et al.  Word-of-Mouth Processes within a Services Purchase Decision Context , 2000 .

[51]  David J. Boggs,et al.  Corporate branding versus product branding in emerging markets , 2006 .

[52]  Miguel A. Rodríguez,et al.  The influence of the Internet on destination satisfaction , 2007, Internet Res..

[53]  C. White,et al.  Destination image: to see or not to see? , 2004 .

[54]  Gary Warnaby,et al.  Commentary: Cities as service factories? Using the servuction system for marketing cities as shopping destinations , 1997 .

[55]  B. King,et al.  Comparing migrant and non‐migrant tourism impacts , 1999 .

[56]  M. Goode,et al.  Consumers and brands: a study of the impact of self‐image congruence on brand preference and satisfaction , 2001 .

[57]  Christopher J. White Destination image: to see or not to see? Part II , 2005 .

[58]  J. Katzenbach Pride: a strategic asset , 2003 .

[59]  J. Rowley Online branding: the case of McDonald's , 2004 .

[60]  Mark J. Kay,et al.  Strong Brands and Corporate Brands , 2006 .

[61]  D. Steven White,et al.  Strategic challenges for the marketing of services internationally , 2002 .

[62]  William C. Gartner,et al.  Tourism Image: Attribute Measurement of State Tourism Products Using Multidimensional Scaling Techniques , 1989 .

[63]  A. Correia,et al.  Why people travel to exotic places , 2007 .

[64]  M. Thakor,et al.  Effect of perceived brand origin associations on consumer perceptions of quality , 2003 .

[65]  K. Tan Aesthetic medicine: a health regulator's perspective , 2007 .

[66]  L. Chernatony,et al.  Modelling the components of the brand , 1998 .

[67]  Stuart Levy,et al.  Destination Branding: Insights and Practices from Destination Management Organizations , 2005 .

[68]  R. Law,et al.  The relevance of profiling travel activities for improving destination marketing strategies , 2004 .

[69]  B. Merrilees,et al.  Multiple roles for branding in international marketing , 2007 .

[70]  L. Chernatony,et al.  Corporate branding and corporate brand performance , 2001 .

[71]  Al Ries,et al.  Positioning: The Battle for Your Mind , 1981 .

[72]  Bob D. Cutler,et al.  At your service!Does country of origin research apply to services? , 2001 .

[73]  Stephen King Brand‐building in the 1990s , 1991 .

[74]  Gayle Kerr,et al.  Consumer-based brand equity for Australia as a long-haul tourism destination in an emerging market , 2010 .

[75]  Scott M. Davis Implementing your BAM2 strategy: 11 steps to making your brand a more valuable business asset , 2002 .

[76]  N. Bontis National Intellectual Capital Index , 2004 .

[77]  Tony C. Garrett,et al.  Market orientation, brand investment, new service development, market position and performance for service organisations , 2004 .

[78]  Rodney C. Runyan,et al.  Getting customers downtown: the role of branding in achieving success for central business districts , 2006 .

[79]  B. Cova,et al.  Brand community of convenience products: new forms of customer empowerment – the case “my Nutella The Community” , 2006 .

[80]  S. Knox Positioning and branding your organisation , 2004 .

[81]  A. Woodside,et al.  Learning why some customers shop at less convenient stores , 2001 .

[82]  David L. Phillips Relationships are the core value for organisations , 2006 .

[83]  Robyn Stokes Network-Based Strategy Making for Events Tourism , 2006 .

[84]  A. Woodside,et al.  Etic interpreting of naïve subjective personal introspections of tourism behavior: Analyzing visitors' stories about experiencing Mumbai, Seoul, Singapore, and Tokyo , 2007 .

[85]  L. Chernatony Brand Management Through Narrowing the Gap Between Brand Identity and Brand Reputation , 1999 .

[86]  Léo-Paul Dana,et al.  A cross‐national comparison of knowledge management practices , 2005 .

[87]  G. Woodside.,et al.  Cross‐Cultural Analysis of Market Profiles of Domestic and Foreign Travellers , 1978 .

[88]  Ana María Magaz González,et al.  The construct “lifestyle” in market segmentation , 2002 .

[89]  Steven M. Kates,et al.  Brand Morphing--Implications for Advertising Theory and Practice , 2003 .

[90]  Anna S. Mattila,et al.  Do emotional appeals work for services , 1999 .

[91]  Joseph Arthur Rooney Branding: a trend for today and tomorrow , 1995 .

[92]  David A. Aaker,et al.  Brand Portfolio Strategy , 2006 .

[93]  E. Ibrahim,et al.  A positioning strategy for a tourist destination, based on analysis of customers' perceptions and satisfactions , 2005 .

[94]  John M. T. Balmer,et al.  Corporate identity, corporate branding and corporate marketing ‐ Seeing through the fog , 2001 .

[95]  Christine T. Ennew,et al.  Managing word of mouth communication: empirical evidence from India , 2000 .

[96]  M. Hatch,et al.  BRINGING THE CORPORATION INTO CORPORATE BRANDING , 2003 .

[97]  Nicolas Papadopoulos,et al.  Export Processing Zones in Development and International Marketing: An Integrative Review and Research Agenda , 2007 .

[98]  Brian Human,et al.  Kodachrome icons: photography, place and the theft of identity , 1999 .

[99]  Thomas J. LaBonte Building a new performance vision for results , 2003 .

[100]  R. Simeon A conceptual model linking brand building strategies and Japanese popular culture , 2006 .

[101]  Rick Ferguson,et al.  Loyalty trends 2006: three evolutionary trends to transform your loyalty strategy , 2006 .

[102]  A. Spithoven An explanation for the rising share of services in employment , 2000 .

[103]  M. Trueman,et al.  Can a city communicate? Bradford as a corporate brand , 2004 .

[104]  Dogan Gursoy,et al.  An investigation of tourists’ destination loyalty and preferences , 2001 .