The power and potential of BIOMAP to elucidate host‐microbiome interplay in skin inflammatory diseases

The two most common chronic inflammatory skin diseases are atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis. The underpinnings of the remarkable degree of clinical heterogeneity of AD and psoriasis are poorly understood and, as a consequence, disease onset and progression are unpredictable and the optimal type and time point for intervention are as yet unknown. The BIOMAP project is the first IMI (Innovative Medicines Initiative) project dedicated to investigating the causes and mechanisms of AD and psoriasis and to identify potential biomarkers responsible for the variation in disease outcome. The consortium includes 7 large pharmaceutical companies and 25 non‐industry partners including academia. Since there is mounting evidence supporting an important role for microbial exposures and our microbiota as factors mediating immune polarization and AD and psoriasis pathogenesis, an entire work package is dedicated to the investigation of skin and gut microbiome linked to AD or psoriasis. The large collaborative BIOMAP project will enable the integration of patient cohorts, data and knowledge in unprecedented proportions. The project has a unique opportunity with a potential to bridge and fill the gaps between current problems and solutions. This review highlights the power and potential of the BIOMAP project in the investigation of microbe‐host interplay in AD and psoriasis.

[1]  C. Flohr,et al.  The BIOMarkers in Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis (BIOMAP) glossary: developing a lingua franca to facilitate data harmonization and cross‐cohort analyses , 2021, The British journal of dermatology.

[2]  G. Darmstadt,et al.  Prevalence and psychosocial impact of atopic dermatitis in Bangladeshi children and families , 2021, PloS one.

[3]  C. Gieger,et al.  Host traits, lifestyle and environment are associated with human skin bacteria , 2021, The British journal of dermatology.

[4]  D. Strachan,et al.  Gut microbiota development during infancy: Impact of introducing allergenic foods. , 2021, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[5]  R. Baldessarini,et al.  Suicidal risks with psoriasis and atopic dermatitis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2020, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[6]  Wei Zhang,et al.  Skin and Gut Microbiome in Psoriasis: Gaining Insight Into the Pathophysiology of It and Finding Novel Therapeutic Strategies , 2020, Frontiers in Microbiology.

[7]  Shiraz A. Shah,et al.  Urbanized microbiota in infants, immune constitution and later risk of atopic diseases. , 2020, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[8]  C. Flohr,et al.  The epidemiology of eczema in children and adults in England: A population‐based study using primary care data , 2020, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[9]  Han-Na Kim,et al.  Gut microbiota and metabolic health among overweight and obese individuals , 2020, Scientific Reports.

[10]  X. Bai,et al.  New Insights Into the Skin Microbial Communities and Skin Aging , 2020, Frontiers in Microbiology.

[11]  Rikky W. Purbojati,et al.  A compromised developmental trajectory of the infant gut microbiome and metabolome in atopic eczema , 2020, Gut microbes.

[12]  S. Pennington,et al.  Applying precision medicine to unmet clinical needs in psoriatic disease , 2020, Nature Reviews Rheumatology.

[13]  J. Kere,et al.  Microbial and transcriptional differences elucidate atopic dermatitis heterogeneity across skin sites , 2020, Allergy.

[14]  O. Pedersen,et al.  Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease , 2020, Nature Reviews Microbiology.

[15]  S. Weidinger,et al.  Stratum corneum lipidomics analysis reveals altered ceramide profile in atopic dermatitis patients across body sites with correlated changes in skin microbiome , 2020, Experimental dermatology.

[16]  A. Peters,et al.  Genome-wide association study in 8,956 German individuals identifies influence of ABO histo-blood groups on gut microbiome , 2020, Nature Genetics.

[17]  E. Haufe,et al.  Atopic dermatitis displays stable and dynamic skin transcriptome signatures. , 2020, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[18]  J. Raes,et al.  Genome-wide associations of human gut microbiome variation and implications for causal inference analyses , 2020, Nature Microbiology.

[19]  D. Kelsell,et al.  3D model of harlequin ichthyosis reveals inflammatory therapeutic targets , 2020, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[20]  D. Hsu,et al.  Role of skin and gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, an inflammatory skin disease , 2020, Medicine in Microecology.

[21]  Anamika Pandey,et al.  The association of metabolic syndrome and psoriasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational study. , 2020, Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets.

[22]  E. Kontopantelis,et al.  National, regional, and worldwide epidemiology of psoriasis: systematic analysis and modelling study , 2020, BMJ.

[23]  E. Elinav,et al.  Interaction between microbiota and immunity in health and disease , 2020, Cell Research.

[24]  J. Bernstein,et al.  Resolving Clinical Phenotypes into Endotypes in Allergy: Molecular and Omics Approaches , 2020, Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology.

[25]  A. Vicente,et al.  Skin exposure to sunlight: a factor modulating the human gut microbiome composition , 2020, Gut microbes.

[26]  C. Flohr,et al.  Bathing frequency is associated with skin barrier dysfunction and atopic dermatitis at three months of age. , 2020, The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice.

[27]  J. Silverberg,et al.  Prevalence of asthma in patients with atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2020, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[28]  H. Williams,et al.  Daily emollient during infancy for prevention of eczema: the BEEP randomised controlled trial , 2020, The Lancet.

[29]  Modupe O. Coker,et al.  Specific class of intrapartum antibiotics relates to maturation of the infant gut microbiota: a prospective cohort study , 2020, BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[30]  K. Takamori,et al.  Effects of 308 nm excimer light treatment on the skin microbiome of atopic dermatitis patients , 2019, Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine.

[31]  C. Flohr,et al.  The role of bacterial skin infections in atopic dermatitis: expert statement and review from the International Eczema Council Skin Infection Group , 2019, The British journal of dermatology.

[32]  H. Laverty,et al.  The Innovative Medicines Initiative −10 Years of Public-Private Collaboration , 2019, Front. Med..

[33]  M. Hornef,et al.  ‘Layered immunity’ and the ‘neonatal window of opportunity’ – timed succession of non‐redundant phases to establish mucosal host–microbial homeostasis after birth , 2019, Immunology.

[34]  Rudruidee Karnchanasorn,et al.  Hypovitaminosis D is Associated with Psoriasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis , 2019, Kansas journal of medicine.

[35]  H. Lui,et al.  Skin Exposure to Narrow Band Ultraviolet (UVB) Light Modulates the Human Intestinal Microbiome , 2019, Front. Microbiol..

[36]  J. Kere,et al.  Microbe-host interplay in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis , 2019, Nature Communications.

[37]  Atila Novoselac,et al.  Home chemical and microbial transitions across urbanization , 2019, Nature Microbiology.

[38]  D. Strachan,et al.  Clinical onset of atopic eczema: Results from 2 nationally representative British birth cohorts followed through midlife , 2019, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[39]  V. Chandran,et al.  The skin microbiome in psoriatic disease: A systematic review and critical appraisal , 2019, Journal of translational autoimmunity.

[40]  Xiaokai Wang,et al.  Inverse Association Between the Skin and Oral Microbiota in Atopic Dermatitis. , 2019, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[41]  R. Kohen,et al.  Beyond the gut: Skin microbiome compositional changes are associated with BMI , 2019, Human Microbiome Journal.

[42]  S. Lanham-New,et al.  Vitamin D Deficiency and Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Disease Severity in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in Adults and Children , 2019, Nutrients.

[43]  Yhu-Chering Huang,et al.  Host characteristics and dynamics of Staphylococcus aureus colonization in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis before and after treatment: A prospective cohort study. , 2019, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[44]  G. Hillebrand,et al.  New Insights into the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors That Shape the Human Skin Microbiome , 2019, mBio.

[45]  James T. Elder,et al.  Atopic Dermatitis Is an IL-13-Dominant Disease with Greater Molecular Heterogeneity Compared to Psoriasis. , 2019, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[46]  M. Marco,et al.  The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Predicting Response to Diet and the Development of Precision Nutrition Models. Part II: Results. , 2019, Advances in nutrition.

[47]  R. Knight,et al.  The impact of skin care products on skin chemistry and microbiome dynamics , 2019, BMC Biology.

[48]  F. Nowrouzian,et al.  Neonatal gut colonization by Staphylococcus aureus strains with certain adhesins and superantigens is negatively associated with subsequent development of atopic eczema , 2019, The British journal of dermatology.

[49]  K. Zengler,et al.  Quorum sensing between bacterial species on the skin protects against epidermal injury in atopic dermatitis , 2019, Science Translational Medicine.

[50]  E. Dempsey,et al.  Perinatal factors affect the gut microbiota up to four years after birth , 2019, Nature Communications.

[51]  E. Mongodin,et al.  Association of Systemic Antibiotic Treatment of Acne With Skin Microbiota Characteristics , 2019, JAMA dermatology.

[52]  G. Bishop,et al.  Staphylococcal Superantigens Stimulate Epithelial Cells through CD40 To Produce Chemokines , 2019, mBio.

[53]  K. Faber,et al.  Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)-Mediated Gut Epithelial and Immune Regulation and Its Relevance for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases , 2019, Front. Immunol..

[54]  M. Azami,et al.  The association between psoriasis and diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2019, Diabetes & metabolic syndrome.

[55]  C. Elmets,et al.  Ultraviolet radiation, both UVA and UVB, influences the composition of the skin microbiome , 2019, Experimental dermatology.

[56]  A. Armstrong,et al.  Association Between Atopic Dermatitis and Suicidality: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis , 2019, JAMA dermatology.

[57]  Samuel E. Jones,et al.  Evidence of a causal relationship between body mass index and psoriasis: A mendelian randomization study , 2019, PLoS medicine.

[58]  J. Waage,et al.  Genetic, Clinical, and Environmental Factors Associated With Persistent Atopic Dermatitis in Childhood , 2019, JAMA dermatology.

[59]  C. Chi,et al.  Association of Psoriasis With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis , 2018, JAMA dermatology.

[60]  J. Spergel,et al.  Advances in atopic dermatitis in 2017 , 2018, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[61]  C. Akdis,et al.  High levels of butyrate and propionate in early life are associated with protection against atopy , 2018, Allergy.

[62]  C. Akdis,et al.  Relations between epidermal barrier dysregulation and Staphylococcus species–dominated microbiome dysbiosis in patients with atopic dermatitis , 2018, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[63]  R. Gibbs,et al.  Temporal development of the gut microbiome in early childhood from the TEDDY study , 2018, Nature.

[64]  T. Spector,et al.  A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in asthma in UK adults , 2018, BMC Microbiology.

[65]  T. Agner,et al.  Is atopic dermatitis associated with obesity? A systematic review of observational studies , 2018, Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV.

[66]  T. Bieber,et al.  Atopic dermatitis , 2018, Nature Reviews Disease Primers.

[67]  O. Laitinen,et al.  Short‐term direct contact with soil and plant materials leads to an immediate increase in diversity of skin microbiota , 2018, MicrobiologyOpen.

[68]  G. Uzel,et al.  First-in-human topical microbiome transplantation with Roseomonas mucosa for atopic dermatitis. , 2018, JCI insight.

[69]  J. Harder,et al.  Skin microbiota and human 3D skin models , 2018, Experimental dermatology.

[70]  A. Erkens,et al.  Epidermal lipid composition, barrier integrity, and eczematous inflammation are associated with skin microbiome configuration , 2018, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[71]  T. Agner,et al.  Association of Disease Severity With Skin Microbiome and Filaggrin Gene Mutations in Adult Atopic Dermatitis , 2018, JAMA dermatology.

[72]  H. Kong,et al.  Emollient use alters skin barrier and microbes in infants at risk for developing atopic dermatitis , 2018, PloS one.

[73]  Jonathan R. Brestoff,et al.  Commensal microbiota modulate gene expression in the skin , 2018, Microbiome.

[74]  M. Fischbach,et al.  Skin microbiota–host interactions , 2018, Nature.

[75]  Yasmine Belkaid,et al.  The human skin microbiome , 2018, Nature Reviews Microbiology.

[76]  S. Sørensen,et al.  Maturation of the gut microbiome and risk of asthma in childhood , 2018, Nature Communications.

[77]  D. Hohl,et al.  Skin Colonization by Staphylococcus aureus Precedes the Clinical Diagnosis of Atopic Dermatitis in Infancy. , 2017, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[78]  C. Jeon,et al.  Effects of cosmetics on the skin microbiome of facial cheeks with different hydration levels , 2017, MicrobiologyOpen.

[79]  S. Langan,et al.  The prevalence of atopic dermatitis beyond childhood: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of longitudinal studies , 2017, Allergy.

[80]  T. Agner,et al.  Staphylococcus aureus colonization in atopic eczema and its association with filaggrin gene mutations , 2017, The British journal of dermatology.

[81]  H. García-Perdomo,et al.  Systematic review and meta‐analysis of the association between psoriasis and metabolic syndrome , 2017, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[82]  J. Schalkwijk,et al.  Immortalized N/TERT keratinocytes as an alternative cell source in 3D human epidermal models , 2017, Scientific Reports.

[83]  M. Ventura,et al.  Impact of intrapartum antimicrobial prophylaxis upon the intestinal microbiota and the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in vaginally delivered full-term neonates , 2017, Microbiome.

[84]  A. Burden,et al.  Quantitative Evaluation of Biologic Therapy Options for Psoriasis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis , 2017, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[85]  Allyson L. Byrd,et al.  Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis strain diversity underlying pediatric atopic dermatitis , 2017, Science Translational Medicine.

[86]  P. H. Gois,et al.  Vitamin D and Infectious Diseases: Simple Bystander or Contributing Factor? , 2017, Nutrients.

[87]  Duy Tin Truong,et al.  Unexplored diversity and strain-level structure of the skin microbiome associated with psoriasis , 2017, npj Biofilms and Microbiomes.

[88]  S. Lonial,et al.  Academic, Foundation, and Industry Collaboration in Finding New Therapies , 2017, The New England journal of medicine.

[89]  N. Ajami,et al.  Development of the cutaneous microbiome in the preterm infant: A prospective longitudinal study , 2017, PloS one.

[90]  H. Tun,et al.  Exposure to household furry pets influences the gut microbiota of infant at 3–4 months following various birth scenarios , 2017, Microbiome.

[91]  M. Kleerebezem,et al.  Reply to Meisel et al. , 2017, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[92]  Tari Haahtela,et al.  Patterns in the skin microbiota differ in children and teenagers between rural and urban environments , 2017, Scientific Reports.

[93]  S. Mazmanian,et al.  Protecting the Newborn and Young Infant from Infectious Diseases: Lessons from Immune Ontogeny. , 2017, Immunity.

[94]  S. Langan,et al.  Psoriasis and comorbid diseases: Epidemiology. , 2017, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[95]  P. Dorrestein,et al.  Antimicrobials from human skin commensal bacteria protect against Staphylococcus aureus and are deficient in atopic dermatitis , 2017, Science Translational Medicine.

[96]  S. Liu,et al.  Risks for Staphylococcus aureus colonization in patients with psoriasis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis , 2017, The British journal of dermatology.

[97]  S. John,et al.  A systematic review of worldwide epidemiology of psoriasis , 2017, Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV.

[98]  G. Lina,et al.  Superantigens and adhesins of infant gut commensal Staphylococcus aureus strains and association with subsequent development of atopic eczema , 2017, The British journal of dermatology.

[99]  K. Aagaard,et al.  Maturation of the Infant Microbiome Community Structure and Function Across Multiple Body Sites and in Relation to Mode of Delivery , 2017, Nature Medicine.

[100]  H. Kong,et al.  Skin microbiome before development of atopic dermatitis: Early colonization with commensal staphylococci at 2 months is associated with a lower risk of atopic dermatitis at 1 year , 2017, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[101]  D. Reeves,et al.  Incidence, prevalence and mortality of patients with psoriasis: a U.K. population‐based cohort study , 2016, The British journal of dermatology.

[102]  Yves Poumay,et al.  Modeling dermatophytosis in reconstructed human epidermis: A new tool to study infection mechanisms and to test antifungal agents , 2016, Medical mycology.

[103]  J. Silverberg,et al.  Persistence of atopic dermatitis (AD): A systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2016, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[104]  S. Pasmans,et al.  Prevalence and odds of Staphylococcus aureus carriage in atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis , 2016, The British journal of dermatology.

[105]  Baochen Shi,et al.  The skin microbiome is different in pediatric versus adult atopic dermatitis. , 2016, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[106]  C. Edwards,et al.  Role of Gut Microbiota in the Aetiology of Obesity: Proposed Mechanisms and Review of the Literature , 2016, Journal of obesity.

[107]  A. Levin,et al.  Neonatal gut microbiota associates with childhood multi–sensitized atopy and T–cell differentiation , 2016, Nature Medicine.

[108]  F. Tao,et al.  The mode of delivery affects the diversity and colonization pattern of the gut microbiota during the first year of infants' life: a systematic review , 2016, BMC Gastroenterology.

[109]  K. Stone,et al.  Transplantation of human skin microbiota in models of atopic dermatitis. , 2016, JCI insight.

[110]  Allyson L. Byrd,et al.  Temporal Stability of the Human Skin Microbiome , 2016, Cell.

[111]  Geoffrey D. Hannigan,et al.  Skin Microbiome Surveys Are Strongly Influenced by Experimental Design. , 2016, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[112]  D. Guttman,et al.  Impact of maternal intrapartum antibiotics, method of birth and breastfeeding on gut microbiota during the first year of life: a prospective cohort study , 2016, BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[113]  D. Kasper,et al.  How colonization by microbiota in early life shapes the immune system , 2016, Science.

[114]  Martin J. Blaser,et al.  Body Site Is a More Determinant Factor than Human Population Diversity in the Healthy Skin Microbiome , 2016, PloS one.

[115]  T. Preston,et al.  Formation of short chain fatty acids by the gut microbiota and their impact on human metabolism , 2016, Gut microbes.

[116]  Carsten Flohr,et al.  Randomized Trial of Introduction of Allergenic Foods in Breast-Fed Infants. , 2016, The New England journal of medicine.

[117]  A. McMichael,et al.  Evolution of the immune system in humans from infancy to old age , 2015, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[118]  J. Sung,et al.  Genetic associations and shared environmental effects on the skin microbiome of Korean twins , 2015, BMC Genomics.

[119]  M. Fischbach,et al.  A Wave of Regulatory T Cells into Neonatal Skin Mediates Tolerance to Commensal Microbes. , 2015, Immunity.

[120]  J. Gilbert,et al.  The Influence of Age and Gender on Skin-Associated Microbial Communities in Urban and Rural Human Populations , 2015, PloS one.

[121]  Tobias Kollmann,et al.  Early infancy microbial and metabolic alterations affect risk of childhood asthma , 2015, Science Translational Medicine.

[122]  T. R. Licht,et al.  Having older siblings is associated with gut microbiota development during early childhood , 2015, BMC Microbiology.

[123]  Patrick K. H. Lee,et al.  Insights into the pan-microbiome: skin microbial communities of Chinese individuals differ from other racial groups , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[124]  M. Wittmann,et al.  IL-33 impacts on the skin barrier by downregulating the expression of filaggrin. , 2015, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[125]  H. Kong,et al.  Dysbiosis and Staphylococcus aureus Colonization Drives Inflammation in Atopic Dermatitis. , 2015, Immunity.

[126]  W. M. Vos,et al.  Severity of atopic disease inversely correlates with intestinal microbiota diversity and butyrate‐producing bacteria , 2015, Allergy.

[127]  James T. Elder,et al.  Psoriasis and cardiometabolic traits: modest association but distinct genetic architectures , 2015, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[128]  J. Segre,et al.  Dialogue between skin microbiota and immunity , 2014, Science.

[129]  R. Hay,et al.  The global burden of skin disease in 2010: an analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions. , 2014, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[130]  J. Peccia,et al.  Hand bacterial communities vary across two different human populations. , 2014, Microbiology.

[131]  Christopher S. Stach,et al.  Staphylococcal superantigens interact with multiple host receptors to cause serious diseases , 2014, Immunologic research.

[132]  S. Zeissig,et al.  Life at the beginning: perturbation of the microbiota by antibiotics in early life and its role in health and disease , 2014, Nature Immunology.

[133]  D. Leung,et al.  Th2 cytokines increase Staphylococcus aureus alpha toxin induced keratinocyte death through the signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) , 2014, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[134]  C. Flohr,et al.  New insights into the epidemiology of childhood atopic dermatitis , 2014, Allergy.

[135]  Martin J Blaser,et al.  Community differentiation of the cutaneous microbiota in psoriasis , 2013, Microbiome.

[136]  K. Bønnelykke,et al.  Deep phenotyping of the unselected COPSAC2010 birth cohort study , 2013, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[137]  M. Tomita,et al.  Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells , 2013, Nature.

[138]  K. Cease,et al.  Staphylococcus δ-toxin induces allergic skin disease by activating mast cells , 2013, Nature.

[139]  A. Menter,et al.  Burden of Disease: Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis , 2013, American Journal of Clinical Dermatology.

[140]  Se Jin Song,et al.  Cohabiting family members share microbiota with one another and with their dogs , 2013, eLife.

[141]  R Fimmers,et al.  Characterization of different courses of atopic dermatitis in adolescent and adult patients , 2013, Allergy.

[142]  Chun-Ming Huang,et al.  Fermentation of Propionibacterium acnes, a Commensal Bacterium in the Human Skin Microbiome, as Skin Probiotics against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus , 2013, PloS one.

[143]  Rosa Parisi,et al.  Global epidemiology of psoriasis: a systematic review of incidence and prevalence. , 2013, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[144]  Julia Oh,et al.  Shifts in human skin and nares microbiota of healthy children and adults , 2012, Genome Medicine.

[145]  Katherine H. Huang,et al.  Structure, Function and Diversity of the Healthy Human Microbiome , 2012, Nature.

[146]  Julia Oh,et al.  Temporal shifts in the skin microbiome associated with disease flares and treatment in children with atopic dermatitis , 2012, Genome research.

[147]  R. Darlenski,et al.  Infant epidermal skin physiology: adaptation after birth , 2012, The British journal of dermatology.

[148]  A. Irvine,et al.  Filaggrin mutations associated with skin and allergic diseases. , 2011, The New England journal of medicine.

[149]  S. Dowd,et al.  Diversity of the Human Skin Microbiome Early in Life , 2011, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[150]  Elizabeth A. Grice,et al.  The skin microbiome , 2020, Nature.

[151]  Allen F Ryan,et al.  Activation of TLR2 by a small molecule produced by Staphylococcus epidermidis increases antimicrobial defense against bacterial skin infections. , 2010, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[152]  R. Knight,et al.  Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[153]  H. Williams,et al.  Global variations in prevalence of eczema symptoms in children from ISAAC Phase Three. , 2009, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[154]  J. Gudjonsson,et al.  Psoriasis--as an autoimmune disease caused by molecular mimicry. , 2009, Trends in immunology.

[155]  C. Deming,et al.  Topographical and Temporal Diversity of the Human Skin Microbiome , 2009, Science.

[156]  J. Mcfadden,et al.  Psoriasis and streptococci: the natural selection of psoriasis revisited , 2009, The British journal of dermatology.

[157]  R. Knight,et al.  The influence of sex, handedness, and washing on the diversity of hand surface bacteria , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[158]  B. Roe,et al.  A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins , 2008, Nature.

[159]  Martin J. Blaser,et al.  Substantial Alterations of the Cutaneous Bacterial Biota in Psoriatic Lesions , 2008, PloS one.

[160]  J. McGrath.  Filaggrin and the great epidermal barrier grief , 2008, The Australasian journal of dermatology.

[161]  Lisa C. Zaba,et al.  Psoriasis vulgaris lesions contain discrete populations of Th1 and Th17 T cells. , 2008, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[162]  D. Strachan,et al.  Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases One and Three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveys , 2006, The Lancet.

[163]  L. van der Fits,et al.  Peptidoglycan and peptidoglycan‐specific Th1 cells in psoriatic skin lesions , 2006, The Journal of pathology.

[164]  S. Bale,et al.  Loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding filaggrin cause ichthyosis vulgaris , 2006, Nature Genetics.

[165]  D. Yach,et al.  The global burden of chronic diseases: overcoming impediments to prevention and control. , 2004, JAMA.

[166]  B. Sigurgeirsson,et al.  Streptococcal throat infections and exacerbation of chronic plaque psoriasis: a prospective study , 2003 .

[167]  P. Hoeger,et al.  Skin Physiology of the Neonate and Young Infant: A Prospective Study of Functional Skin Parameters During Early Infancy , 2002, Pediatric dermatology.

[168]  N. Pearce,et al.  Diet and asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic eczema symptom prevalence: an ecological analysis of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) data. ISAAC Phase One Study Group. , 2001, The European respiratory journal.

[169]  Ewing,et al.  Flucloxacillin in the treatment of atopic dermatitis , 1998, The British journal of dermatology.

[170]  E. Gelfand,et al.  Superantigens , 1996, Experimental dermatology.

[171]  I. Jónsdóttir,et al.  Psoriasis: a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease induced by streptococcal superantigens? , 1995, Immunology today.

[172]  J. Harper,et al.  Skin microflora of atopic eczema in first time hospital attenders , 1993, Clinical and experimental dermatology.

[173]  Catriona Henderson,et al.  Acute psoriasis associated with Lancefield Group C and Group G cutaneous streptococcal infections , 1988, The British journal of dermatology.

[174]  H. Maibach,et al.  Microbial flora of atopic dermatitis. , 1977, Archives of dermatology.

[175]  J. Leyden,et al.  Staphylococcus aureus in the lesions of atopic dermatitis , 1974, The British journal of dermatology.

[176]  L. Skov,et al.  Role of the Gut Microbiota in Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review. , 2019, Acta dermato-venereologica.

[177]  O. Seifert,et al.  Significant Changes in the Skin Microbiome in Patients with Chronic Plaque Psoriasis after Treatment with Narrowband Ultraviolet B. , 2018, Acta dermato-venereologica.

[178]  Erika Sevetson,et al.  The Burden of Atopic Dermatitis: Summary of a Report for the National Eczema Association. , 2017, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[179]  T. Scharschmidt.  Establishing Tolerance to Commensal Skin Bacteria: Timing Is Everything. , 2017, Dermatologic clinics.

[180]  C. Gieger,et al.  Atopic dermatitis is associated with an increased risk for rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, and a decreased risk for type 1 diabetes. , 2016, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[181]  Lionel Fry,et al.  Comparison of bacterial microbiota in skin biopsies from normal and psoriatic skin , 2011, Archives of Dermatological Research.

[182]  V. Nizet,et al.  Selective antimicrobial action is provided by phenol-soluble modulins derived from Staphylococcus epidermidis, a normal resident of the skin. , 2010, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[183]  K. Barnes,et al.  Cytokine modulation of atopic dermatitis filaggrin skin expression. , 2009, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[184]  D. Strachan,et al.  Worldwide variations in the prevalence of symptoms of atopic eczema in the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. , 1999, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[185]  I I Lelis,et al.  [Atopic dermatitis]. , 1980, Vestnik dermatologii i venerologii.