Strain-based monitoring methods for beam-like structures

In this thesis Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is defined as the process of periodically or continuously measuring structural parameters over time and the consequent analysis, with the aim of providing actionable information on structural performance. This work is motivated by the need for network-wide SHM of typical structures. Strain based SHMmethods are explored with the main focus on the location of neutral axis and the deformed shape of beam-like structures. SHM methods for evaluation of these two parameters are developed, including detailed uncertainty analyses. Additionally, an exploration of several other parameters is presented through a case study. Strain data from two full-scale in-service structures, a large-scale test structure, and a laboratory specimen were used to validate the methods and assess their limitations. The main conclusions are that: 1) repeated short-term measurements are ideal, since they are less influenced by temperature and rheological effects; 2) the neutral axis location varies in healthy structures and it is sensitive to damage and other unusual structural behaviors; 3) uncertainty in the deformed shape was predicted prior to data acquisition; and 4) for vertical displacement evaluations, a detailed analysis of the boundary conditions is necessary.

[1]  A. Ugural,et al.  Advanced strength and applied elasticity , 1981 .

[2]  John T. DeWolf,et al.  Ambient Vibration Monitoring of a Highway Bridge Undergoing a Destructive Test , 2006 .

[3]  Helmut Wenzel,et al.  The Application of Data Mining in Bridge Monitoring Projects: Exploiting Time Series Data of Structural Health Monitoring , 2011, 2011 22nd International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications.

[4]  Semyon G. Rabinovich,et al.  Measurement Errors and Uncertainties: Theory and Practice , 1999 .

[5]  Yunfeng Zhang,et al.  In Situ Fatigue Crack Detection using Piezoelectric Paint Sensor , 2006 .

[6]  B. Glisic,et al.  Influence of the gauge length on the accuracy of long-gauge sensors employed in monitoring of prismatic beams , 2011 .

[7]  Olivier Burdet,et al.  Load Testing and Monitoring of Swiss Bridges , 1993 .

[8]  David P. Billington.  The Art of Structural Design: A Swiss Legacy , 2003 .

[9]  Alan D. Kersey,et al.  Shape and vibration mode sensing using a fiber optic Bragg grating array , 1996 .

[10]  G. De Roeck,et al.  Calculation of bridge deformations due to train passages by the use of strain and acceleration measurements from bridge monitoring supported by experimental tests , 2011 .

[11]  Branko Glisic,et al.  Sensing sheet: the sensitivity of thin-film full-bridge strain sensors for crack detection and characterization , 2014 .

[12]  R. Cook,et al.  Concepts and Applications of Finite Element Analysis , 1974 .

[13]  Helmut Wenzel,et al.  Health monitoring of bridges , 2009 .

[14]  R. P. Johnson,et al.  General rules and rules for buildings , 2004 .

[15]  Daniele Inaudi,et al.  Pile Monitoring with Fiber Optic Sensors During Axial Compression, Pullout, and Flexure Tests , 2002 .

[16]  Alan Dodson,et al.  Integrating a Global Positioning System and Accelerometers to Monitor the Deflection of Bridges , 2004 .

[17]  Roger Green.  Post-Tensioned Slab Bridges on Isolated Supports , 1975 .

[18]  Ian F. C. Smith,et al.  Model-free data interpretation for continuous monitoring of complex structures , 2008, Adv. Eng. Informatics.

[19]  T.H.G. Megson.  Structural and Stress Analysis , 1996 .

[20]  B. Bradie.  A Friendly Introduction to Numerical Analysis , 2003 .

[21]  Julie Ditchfield.  Monitoring Temperature Effects on Streicker Bridge Using Fiber Optic Sensors , 2013 .

[22]  Branko Glisic,et al.  Streicker Bridge: a comparison between Bragg-grating long-gauge strain and temperature sensors and Brillouin scattering-based distributed strain and temperature sensors , 2011, Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[23]  Kenneth J. Loh,et al.  Nanotube-based sensing skins for crack detection and impact monitoring of structures , 2007 .

[24]  John T. DeWolf,et al.  Long-term Structural Health Monitoring of a Multi-girder Steel Composite Bridge Using Strain Data , 2009 .

[25]  L. Thévenaz,et al.  Brillouin gain spectrum characterization in single-mode optical fibers , 1997 .

[26]  Jae-Hung Han,et al.  Tower Deflection Monitoring of a Wind Turbine Using an Array of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors , 2011 .

[27]  Jennifer A. Rice,et al.  Bridge Deflection Monitoring using Small, Low-Cost Radar Sensors , 2014 .

[28]  Shun-ichi Nakamura,et al.  Bending Behavior of Steel Pipe Girders Filled with Ultralight Mortar , 2004 .

[29]  B. Glisic,et al.  Influence of mechanical and geometrical properties of embedded long-gauge strain sensors on the accuracy of strain measurement , 2012 .

[30]  Jack P. Moehle,et al.  "BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE (ACI 318-11) AND COMMENTARY" , 2011 .

[31]  Tae W. Lim,et al.  Strain-based shape estimation algorithms for a cantilever beam , 1997, Smart Structures.

[32]  Comite Euro-International du Beton,et al.  CEB-FIP Model Code 1990 , 1993 .

[33]  Yi Li,et al.  Application of Optoelectronic Liquid Lever Sensor in Urban Bridges Deflection Monitoring , 2012 .

[34]  Qiang Li,et al.  Applicability of Microelectronic and Mechanical Systems (MEMS) for Transportation Infrastructure Management , 2008 .

[35]  Ahmad Fairuz Omar,et al.  Fiber Optic Sensors: An Introduction for Engineers and Scientists , 2013 .

[36]  D. Papastergiou,et al.  Design and experimental verification of an innovative steel–concrete composite beam , 2014 .

[37]  Branko Glisic,et al.  Long-term monitoring of high-rise buildings connected by link bridges , 2014 .

[38]  P. R. Bevington,et al.  Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences , 1969 .

[39]  Helmut Wenzel,et al.  Ambient Vibration Monitoring , 2005 .

[40]  Rajan Sen,et al.  Load Testing a Double-Composite Steel Box Girder Bridge , 2010 .

[41]  Branko Glisic,et al.  Ten-year monitoring of high-rise building columns using long-gauge fiber optic sensors , 2013 .

[42]  Branko Glisic,et al.  A method for the on-site determination of prestressing forces using long-gauge fiber optic strain sensors , 2014 .

[43]  James M. W. Brownjohn,et al.  DETECTION OF ANOMALOUS STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR USING WAVELET ANALYSIS , 2002 .

[44]  David P. Billington,et al.  The Tower and the Bridge , 1983 .

[45]  Branko Glisic,et al.  Advanced Visualization and Accessibility to Heterogeneous Monitoring Data , 2014, Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastructure Eng..

[46]  Sarbani Palit,et al.  Modelling and prediction of time series using singular value decomposition and neural networks , 1995 .

[47]  R. Measures.  Structural Monitoring with Fibre Optic Technology , 2001 .

[48]  Qiang Yu,et al.  Wake-up call for creep, myth about size effect and black holes in safety: What to improve in fib model code draft , 2011 .

[49]  Fang Cui,et al.  A New System for Measuring Bridge Deflections Based on Laser Imaging Process , 2011 .

[50]  M. Figurski,et al.  A Bridge Deflection Monitoring with GPS , 2007 .

[51]  C. U. GROSSE.  Acoustic emission localization methods for large structures based on beamforming and array techniques , 2009 .

[52]  Young-Ho Lee,et al.  Degree of composite action verification of bolted GFRP bridge deck-to-girder connection system , 2006 .

[53]  Hyo Seon Park,et al.  A Deformed Shape Monitoring Model for Building Structures Based on a 2D Laser Scanner , 2013, Sensors.

[54]  Hui Liang,et al.  Application of digital image correlation for long-distance bridge deflection measurement , 2013, Other Conferences.

[55]  Charles R. Farrar,et al.  Performance assessment and validation of piezoelectric active-sensors in structural health monitoring , 2006 .

[56]  Fereidoun Amini,et al.  Damage detection algorithm based on identified system Markov parameters (DDA/ISMP) in building structures with limited sensors , 2012 .

[57]  David P. Billington.  Power, Speed, and Form: Engineers and the Making of the Twentieth Century , 2006 .

[58]  Farhad Ansari,et al.  Sensing issues in civil structural health monitoring , 2005 .

[59]  Ian F. C. Smith,et al.  Model Identification of Bridges Using Measurement Data , 2005 .

[60]  Daniele Inaudi,et al.  Monitoring of Concrete Bridges with Long-Gage Fiber Optic Sensors , 1999 .

[61]  Carlos Cabrera,et al.  Algorithm for identification of damage on bridge piers , 2008 .

[62]  Eugene J. O'Brien,et al.  A discussion on neutral axis location in bridge deck cantilevers , 1999 .

[63]  Ahmet E. Aktan,et al.  ISSUES IN INFRASTRUCTURE HEALTH MONITORING FOR MANAGEMENT , 2000 .

[64]  G. S. Holister,et al.  Strain gauge technology , 1982 .

[65]  John T. DeWolf,et al.  Development and Implementation of a Continuous Strain Monitoring System on a Multi-Girder Composite Steel Bridge , 2006 .

[66]  Daniele Inaudi,et al.  Long-term monitoring of high-rise buildings using long-gage fiber optic sensors , 2005 .

[67]  D Inaudi.  Long-term Static Structural Health Monitoring , 2010 .

[68]  Sami H. Rizkalla,et al.  Effect of Temperature on Daily Modal Variability of a Steel-Concrete Composite Bridge , 2012 .

[69]  Rune Brincker,et al.  Vibration Based Inspection of Civil Engineering Structures , 1993 .

[70]  E. Haugse,et al.  Structural Shape Identification from Experimental Strains Using a Modal Transformation Technique , 2003 .

[71]  J. Stanton,et al.  Effects of Temperature Variations on Precast, Prestressed Concrete Bridge Girders , 2005 .

[72]  Wilson H. Tang,et al.  Probability Concepts in Engineering Planning: Emphasis on Applications to Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons , 2007 .

[73]  Farhad Ansari,et al.  Fibre Optic Methods for structural health monitoring , 2009 .

[74]  Bilal M. Ayyub,et al.  Uncertainties in Material and Geometric Strength and Load Variables , 2002 .

[75]  Bohn Stafleu van Loghum,et al.  Online … , 2002, LOG IN.

[76]  Arthur H. Nilson,et al.  Design of concrete structures , 1972 .

[77]  Daniele Inaudi,et al.  Development of method for in-service crack detection based on distributed fiber optic sensors , 2012 .

[78]  Chung C. Fu,et al.  Determination of Slab Participation from Weigh-In-Motion Bridge Testing , 1999 .

[79]  Charles R. Farrar,et al.  A summary review of vibration-based damage identification methods , 1998 .

[80]  Yao Yao,et al.  Fiber optic method for health assessment of pipelines subjected to earthquake-induced ground movement , 2012 .

[81]  Ian F. C. Smith,et al.  Separation of thermal and autogenous deformation at varying temperatures using optical fiber sensors , 2007 .

[82]  Ahmet E. Aktan,et al.  Structural Identification of a Long-Span Truss Bridge , 2000 .

[83]  Asce,et al.  2013 report card for America’s infrastructure , 2017 .

[84]  R. C. Hibbeler.  Mechanics of Materials -7/E , 2014 .

[85]  J. H. Emanuel,et al.  TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTIONS IN COMPOSITE BRIDGES , 1978 .

[86]  Ho-Yeon Jung,et al.  Damage detection for beam-like structures using the normalized curvature of a uniform load surface , 2013 .

[87]  David V. Jáuregui,et al.  Noncontact Photogrammetric Measurement of Vertical Bridge Deflection , 2003 .

[88]  Daniele Inaudi,et al.  Vertical Deflection of a Pre-Stressed Concrete Bridge Obtained Using Deformation Sensors and Inclinometer Measurements , 1998 .

[89]  Margarita López Martínez,et al.  Unified equations for the slope, intercept, and standard errors of the best straight line , 2004 .

[90]  Yezid A. Alvarado,et al.  Temperature effects on load transmission between slabs and shores , 2012 .

[91]  Andrew Starr,et al.  Performance Evaluation of MEMS Accelerometers , 2009 .

[92]  Branko Glisic,et al.  Detection and Characterization of Early-Age Thermal Cracks in High-Performance Concrete , 2013 .

[93]  Stathis C. Stiros,et al.  Measurement of deflections and of oscillation frequencies of engineering structures using Robotic Theodolites (RTS) , 2007 .