FIS is a regulator of metabolism in Escherichia coli

The Escherichia coli DNA‐binding protein FIS (factor for inversion stimulation) stimulates site‐specific recombination reactions catalysed by DNA invertases and is an activator of stable RNA synthesis. To address the question of whether FIS is involved in other cellular processes we have identified and sequenced proteins whose expression pattern is affected by FIS. This has led to the identification of several E. coli genes whose expression in vivo is either enhanced or repressed by FIS. All of these genes encode enzymes or transport proteins involved in the catabolism of sugars or nucleic acids, and their expression is also dependent on the cAMP‐CRP complex. In most cases studied the regulation by FIS is indirect and occurs through effects on the synthesis of the respective repressor proteins. We conclude that FIS is a transcriptional modulator involved in the regulation of metabolism in E. coli.

[1]  M. Simon,et al.  Hin-mediated site-specific recombination requires two 26 by recombination sites and a 60 by recombinational enhancer , 1985, Cell.

[2]  W. Messer,et al.  The FIS protein binds and bends the origin of chromosomal DNA replication, oriC, of Escherichia coli. , 1991, Nucleic acids research.

[3]  S. Iida,et al.  Site-specific DNA inversion is enhanced by a DNA sequence element in cis. , 1985, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[4]  H. Aiba,et al.  The structure of tandem regulatory regions in the deo operon of Escherichia coli K12 , 1982, The EMBO journal.

[5]  L. Enquist,et al.  Experiments With Gene Fusions , 1984 .

[6]  H. Schägger,et al.  Tricine-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for the separation of proteins in the range from 1 to 100 kDa. , 1987, Analytical biochemistry.

[7]  J. Vandekerckhove,et al.  Escherichia coli host factor for site-specific DNA inversion: cloning and characterization of the fis gene. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[8]  U. K. Laemmli,et al.  Cleavage of Structural Proteins during the Assembly of the Head of Bacteriophage T4 , 1970, Nature.

[9]  R. Kahmann,et al.  The N-terminal part of the E.coli DNA binding protein FIS is essential for stimulating site-specific DNA inversion but is not required for specific DNA binding. , 1991, Nucleic acids research.

[10]  R. Gourse,et al.  Involvement of Fis protein in replication of the Escherichia coli chromosome , 1992, Journal of bacteriology.

[11]  Johnf . Thompson,et al.  Cellular factors couple recombination with growth phase: Characterization of a new component in the λ site-specific recombination pathway , 1987, Cell.

[12]  A. Goldstein,et al.  Purification and properties , 1975 .

[13]  H. Zalkin,et al.  Nucleotide sequence of Escherichia coli pyrG encoding CTP synthetase. , 1986, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[14]  R Kahmann,et al.  The E.coli fis promoter is subject to stringent control and autoregulation. , 1992, The EMBO journal.

[15]  C. Koch,et al.  The Escherichia coli protein, Fis: specific binding to the ends of phage Mu DNA and modulation of phage growth , 1989, Molecular microbiology.

[16]  R. Gourse,et al.  E.coli Fis protein activates ribosomal RNA transcription in vitro and in vivo. , 1990, The EMBO journal.

[17]  N. Cozzarelli,et al.  Genetic control of the l-α-glycerophosphate system in Escherichia coli , 1968 .

[18]  M. Zacharias,et al.  Influence of the GCGC discriminator motif introduced into the ribosomal RNA P2‐ and tac promoter on growth‐rate control and stringent sensitivity. , 1989, The EMBO journal.

[19]  The molecular structure of wild-type and a mutant Fis protein: relationship between mutational changes and recombinational enhancer function or DNA binding. , 1991, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[20]  W. Saenger,et al.  Three-dimensional structure of the E. coli DMA-binding protein FIS , 1991, Nature.

[21]  R. Kahmann,et al.  Purification and properties of the Escherichia coli host factor required for inversion of the G segment in bacteriophage Mu. , 1986, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[22]  S. Elledge,et al.  Site-directed insertion and deletion mutagenesis with cloned fragments in Escherichia coli , 1985, Journal of bacteriology.

[23]  S. Emr,et al.  D-ribose metabolism in Escherichia coli K-12: genetics, regulation, and transport , 1984, Journal of bacteriology.

[24]  P. Matsudaira,et al.  Sequence from picomole quantities of proteins electroblotted onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. , 1987, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[25]  J. Lengeler.  Nature and properties of hexitol transport systems in Escherichia coli , 1975, Journal of bacteriology.

[26]  P. Valentin-Hansen,et al.  The cAMP‐CRP/CytR nucleoprotein complex in Escherichia coli: two pairs of closely linked binding sites for the cAMP‐CRP activator complex are involved in combinatorial regulation of the cdd promoter. , 1992, The EMBO journal.

[27]  R. C. Johnson,et al.  Identification of genes negatively regulated by Fis: Fis and RpoS comodulate growth-phase-dependent gene expression in Escherichia coli , 1995, Journal of bacteriology.

[28]  M. Saier,et al.  The mannitol repressor (MtlR) of Escherichia coli , 1994, Journal of bacteriology.

[29]  K West,et al.  E. coli. , 1994, Emergency medical services.

[30]  C. Ball,et al.  Dramatic changes in Fis levels upon nutrient upshift in Escherichia coli , 1992, Journal of bacteriology.

[31]  C. Ball,et al.  Multiple effects of Fis on integration and the control of lysogeny in phage lambda , 1991, Journal of bacteriology.

[32]  L. Bosch,et al.  The role of FIS in trans activation of stable RNA operons of E. coli. , 1990, The EMBO journal.

[33]  Heterologous cooperativity in Escherichia coli. The CytR repressor both contacts DNA and the cAMP receptor protein when binding to the deoP2 promoter. , 1991, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[34]  J. F. Thompson,et al.  Empirical estimation of protein-induced DNA bending angles: applications to lambda site-specific recombination complexes. , 1988, Nucleic acids research.

[35]  M. Hermodson,et al.  Structural and functional analyses of the repressor, RbsR, of the ribose operon of Escherichia coli , 1992, Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society.

[36]  R. Kahmann,et al.  G inversion in bacteriophage Mu DNA is stimulated by a site within the invertase gene and a host factor , 1985, Cell.

[37]  A. Mironov,et al.  Analysis of CRP-CytR interactions at the Escherichia coli udp promoter , 1996, Journal of bacteriology.

[38]  C. Ball,et al.  Efficient excision of phage lambda from the Escherichia coli chromosome requires the Fis protein , 1991, Journal of bacteriology.

[39]  M. Simon,et al.  Fis binding to the recombinational enhancer of the Hin DNA inversion system. , 1987, Genes & development.

[40]  P. Valentin‐Hansen,et al.  Protein-protein interactions in gene regulation: The cAMP-CRP complex sets the specificity of a second DNA-binding protein, the CytR repressor , 1993, Cell.

[41]  E. Lin,et al.  Mutations Affecting the Dissimilation of Mannitol by Escherichia coli K-12 , 1972, Journal of bacteriology.

[42]  W. Arber,et al.  Mutational analysis of a prokaryotic recombinational enhancer element with two functions. , 1989, The EMBO journal.

[43]  R. C. Johnson,et al.  aldB, an RpoS-dependent gene in Escherichia coli encoding an aldehyde dehydrogenase that is repressed by Fis and activated by Crp , 1995, Journal of bacteriology.

[44]  N. Cozzarelli,et al.  Genetic control of L-alpha-glycerophosphate system in Escherichia coli. , 1968, Journal of molecular biology.

[45]  R. C. Johnson,et al.  Identification of two functional regions in Fis: the N‐terminus is required to promote Hin‐mediated DNA inversion but not lambda excision. , 1991, The EMBO journal.

[46]  E. Lin,et al.  ACTIVE TRANSPORT OF L-ALPHA-GLYCEROPHOSPHATE IN ESCHERICHIA COLI. , 1964, The Journal of biological chemistry.