(1->3),(1->4)-{beta}-d-Glucans in the cell walls of the Poales (sensu lato): an immunogold labeling study using a monoclonal antibody.

(1→3),(1→4)-ß-Glucans had previously been detected in nonlignified cell wall preparations of only the Poaceae and five other families in the graminoid clade of the Poales (s.l.). Cell walls of vegetative organs of 12 species in nine families of the Poales (s.l.) were examined by immunogold labeling using a monoclonal antibody to (1→3),(1→4)-ß-glucans. Three types of wall-labeling patterns were identified depending on the density of labeling of the nonlignified walls of epidermal and parenchyma cells and the lignified walls of sclerenchyma fibers and xylem tracheary elements: type 1 in Poaceae and Flagellariaceae, type 2 in Restionaceae and Xyridaceae, and type 3 in Cyperaceae and Juncaceae. Type 1 had the heaviest labeling of nonlignified walls and type 2 the heaviest labeling of lignified walls. Type 3 had the least wall labeling, with only very light labeling of nonlignified and lignified walls. No labeling was found over walls of Typhaceae, Sparganiaceae, or Bromeliaceae. The results are discussed in relation to Poales phylogeny.

[1]  R. Henry,et al.  Diversity in plant cell walls. , 2005 .

[2]  J. Pires,et al.  Polyphyly and convergent morphological evolution in Commelinales and Commelinidae: evidence from rbcL sequence data. , 1999, Molecular phylogenetics and evolution.

[3]  Prof. Dr. Rolf M. T. Dahlgren,et al.  The Families of the Monocotyledons , 1985, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

[4]  E. Reynolds.  THE USE OF LEAD CITRATE AT HIGH pH AS AN ELECTRON-OPAQUE STAIN IN ELECTRON MICROSCOPY , 1963, The Journal of cell biology.

[5]  William G. T. Willats,et al.  Making and using antibody probes to study plant cell walls , 2000 .

[6]  Z. Popper,et al.  Primary cell wall composition of pteridophytes and spermatophytes. , 2004, The New phytologist.

[7]  D. Soltis,et al.  Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from multiple genes as a tool for comparative biology , 1999, Nature.

[8]  R. Hartley,et al.  Linkage of p-coumaroyl and feruloyl groups to cell-wall polysaccharides of barley straw , 1986 .

[9]  Hemicelluloses of cell walls of a proso millet cell suspension culture. , 1985, Plant physiology.

[10]  P. Rudall,et al.  Structure and systematics of Hanguana, a monocotyledon of uncertain affinity , 1999 .

[11]  Catherine Rayon,et al.  Mixed Linkage (1 3),(1 4)- -D-Glucans of Grasses , 2004 .

[12]  P. Harris,et al.  Polysaccharide compositions of primary cell walls of the palms Phoenix canariensis and Rhopalostylis sapida , 2000 .

[13]  P. Harris,et al.  Ferulic acid is esterified to glucuronoarabinoxylans in pineapple cell walls. , 2001, Phytochemistry.

[14]  James F. Smith.  Phylogenetics of seed plants : An analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL , 1993 .

[15]  N. Carpita.  STRUCTURE AND BIOGENESIS OF THE CELL WALLS OF GRASSES. , 1996, Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biology.

[16]  M. Defernez,et al.  Cell wall architecture of the elongating maize coleoptile. , 2001, Plant physiology.

[17]  R. Codd,et al.  Measurement of (1 → 3),(1 → 4)‐β‐D‐glucan in barley and oats: A streamlined enzymic procedure , 1991 .

[18]  P. Albersheim,et al.  Developmental and Tissue-Specific Structural Alterations of the Cell-Wall Polysaccharides of Arabidopsis thaliana Roots , 1996, Plant physiology.

[19]  B. G. Briggs,et al.  Hopkinsiaceae and Lyginiaceae, two new families of Poales in Western Australia, with revisions of Hopkinsia and Lyginia , 2000 .

[20]  P. Rudall,et al.  Investigation of the Presence of Phenolic Compounds in Monocotyledonous Cell Walls, using UV Fluorescence Microscopy , 1994 .

[21]  A. L. Takhtadzhi︠a︡n.  Diversity and classification of flowering plants , 1997 .

[22]  Philip J. Harris,et al.  The polysaccharide composition of Poales cell walls: Poaceae cell walls are not unique , 1999 .

[23]  R. Hartley,et al.  Detection of bound ferulic acid in cell walls of the Gramineae by ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy , 1976, Nature.

[24]  J. Lundberg,et al.  An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants : APG II THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP * , 2003 .

[25]  R. Hartley,et al.  Phenolic constituents of mesophyll and non‐mesophyll cell walls from leaf laminae of Lolium perenne , 1980 .

[26]  Philip J. Harris,et al.  Monosaccharide compositions of unlignified cell walls of monocotyledons in relation to the occurrence of wall-bound ferulic acid , 1997 .

[27]  B. Blackwell,et al.  Molecular characterization of cereal β-D-glucans. Structural analysis of oat β-D-glucan and rapid structural evaluation of β-D-glucans from different sources by high-performance liquid chromatography of oligosaccharides released by lichenase , 1991 .

[28]  J. Verbelen,et al.  Cellulose orientation in the outer epidermal wall of angiosperm roots: implications for biosystematics. , 2002, Annals of botany.

[29]  P. Meikle,et al.  A (1→3,1→4)‐β‐glucan‐specific monoclonal antibody and its use in the quantitation and immunocytochemical location of (1→3,1→4)‐β‐glucans , 1994 .

[30]  R. Hartley,et al.  Phenolic constituents of the cell walls of monocotyledons , 1980 .

[31]  M. Gidley,et al.  Temporal and spatial regulation of pectic (1-->4)-beta-D-galactan in cell walls of developing pea cotyledons: implications for mechanical properties. , 2000, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[32]  N. Carpita.  Cell wall development in maize coleoptiles. , 1984, Plant physiology.

[33]  A Phylogenetic Structure for the Monocotyledons, as Inferred from Chloroplast DNA Restriction Site Variation, and a Comparison of Measures of Clade Support , 1995 .

[34]  Jerrold I. Davis,et al.  A Phylogeny of the Monocots, as Inferred from rbcL and atpA Sequence Variation, and a Comparison of Methods for Calculating Jackknife and Bootstrap Values , 2004 .

[35]  Masaru Kobayashi,et al.  Immunocytochemistry of Rhamnogalacturonan II in Cell Walls of Higher Plants , 1998 .

[36]  J. Trethewey,et al.  Location of (1 → 3)- and (1 → 3),(1 → 4)-β-D-glucans in vegetative cell walls of barley (Hordeum vulgare) using immunogold labelling. , 2002, The New phytologist.

[37]  P. Harris,et al.  Polysaccharide Composition of Unlignified Cell Walls of Pineapple [Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.] Fruit , 1995, Plant physiology.

[38]  B. Blackwell,et al.  Structural studies of (1→3),(1→4)-β-D-glucans by 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and by rapid analysis of cellulose-like regions using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography of oligosaccharides released by lichenase , 1994 .

[39]  Jerrold I. Davis,et al.  Phylogenetic relationships among Poaceae and related families as inferred from morphology, inversions in the plastid genome, and sequence data from the mitochondrial and plastid genomes. , 2003, American journal of botany.

[40]  M. Chase,et al.  A decade of progress in plant molecular phylogenetics. , 2003, Trends in genetics : TIG.

[41]  A. Chesson,et al.  Methylation analysis of mesophyll, epidermis, and fibre cell-walls isolated from the leaves of perennial and Italian ryegrass , 1985 .

[42]  B. Stone,et al.  Cell wall (1 → 3)- and (1 → 3, 1 → 4)-β-glucans during early grain development in rice (Oryza sativa L.) , 1997, Planta.

[43]  Seymour,et al.  Localization of Pectic Galactan in Tomato Cell Walls Using a Monoclonal Antibody Specific to (1[->]4)-[beta]-D-Galactan , 1997, Plant physiology.

[44]  Rudolf Schmid,et al.  The study of plant structure: Principles and selected methods , 1981 .