The clinical-radiological paradox in multiple sclerosis: myth or truth?

Abstract Background  Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, degenerative, demyelinating disease that ranges from benign to rapidly progressive forms. A striking characteristic of the disease is the clinical-radiological paradox. Objectives  The present study was conducted to determine whether, in our cohort, the clinical-radiological paradox exists and whether lesion location is related to clinical disability in patients with MS. Methods  Retrospective data from 95 patients with MS (60 women and 35 men) treated at a single center were examined. One head-and-spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination from each patient was selected randomly, and two independent observers calculated lesion loads (LLs) on T2/fluid attenuation inversion recovery sequences manually, considering the whole brain and four separate regions (periventricular, juxtacortical, posterior fossa, and spinal cord). The LLs were compared with the degree of disability, measured by the Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), at the time of MRI examination in the whole cohort and in patients with relapsing-remitting (RR), primarily progressive, and secondarily progressive MS. Results  High LLs correlated with high EDSS scores in the whole cohort (r = 0.34; p  < 0.01) and in the RRMS group (r = 0.27; p  = 0.02). The EDSS score correlated with high regional LLs in the posterior fossa (r = 0.31; p  = 0.002) and spinal cord (r = 0.35; p  = 0.001). Conclusions  Our results indicate that the clinical-radiological paradox is a myth and support the logical connection between lesion location and neurological repercussion.