E, K, B5, B6, and B9 vitamins and their specific immunological effects evaluated by flow cytometry

It has been proven that vitamins play an essential role in preventing certain diseases since ancient times. It is thus fruitless to approach the roles of vitamins without making reference to the techniques used in evaluating the effects of these micronutrients. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to summarize the immunological effects of E, K, B5, B6, and B9 vitamins evaluated by flow cytometry. Some of these significant effects were presented and discussed: (a) The role of vitamins E in the prevention and treatment of different types of cancer. (b) The properties of K vitamins in the development and maintenance of pheochromocytoma Cell Line 12 (PC12) cells in Parkinson’s disease; (c) The improvement effect of vitamin B5 on the loss of bone mass in low estrogen conditions; (d) The anticancer role of vitamins B6. (e) The role of Vitamin B9 in the regulation of Treg cells. As such, the flow cytometry technique used to assess these properties is essential to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of certain vitamins. The technique undergoes constant improvement which makes it possible to determine several parameters with a role in the modulation of the immune function and at the same time increase the accuracy of the methods that highlight them.

[1]  B. Henkelmann,et al.  A non-canonical vitamin K cycle is a potent ferroptosis suppressor , 2022, Nature.

[2]  D. Field,et al.  High‐dose Vitamin B6 supplementation reduces anxiety and strengthens visual surround suppression , 2022, Human psychopharmacology.

[3]  Xiping Xu,et al.  Association between plasma Vitamin B5 levels and all‐cause mortality: A nested case‐control study , 2022, Journal of clinical hypertension.

[4]  C. Kiyose,et al.  Tocotrienols Attenuate White Adipose Tissue Accumulation and Improve Serum Cholesterol Concentration in High-Fat Diet-Treated Mice , 2022, Molecules.

[5]  R. Johnson,et al.  Vitamin B6 Metabolism Determines T Cell Anti-Tumor Responses , 2022, Frontiers in Immunology.

[6]  O. Kepp,et al.  Immunostimulatory effects of vitamin B5 improve anticancer immunotherapy , 2022, Oncoimmunology.

[7]  Trevor J Pugh,et al.  Coenzyme A fuels T cell anti-tumor immunity. , 2021, Cell metabolism.

[8]  W. Stach,et al.  Vitamin B6 in Health and Disease , 2021, Nutrients.

[9]  Yuanlong Ge,et al.  GPX4 and vitamin E cooperatively protect hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis , 2021, Cell Death & Disease.

[10]  Ajay-Vikram Singh,et al.  Genetics and Epigenetics of One-Carbon Metabolism Pathway in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Sex-Specific Brain Epigenome? , 2021, Genes.

[11]  N. Yanaka,et al.  Potential Role of Vitamin B6 in Ameliorating the Severity of COVID-19 and Its Complications , 2020, Frontiers in Nutrition.

[12]  L. Shaw-Taylor.  An introduction to the history of infectious diseases, epidemics and the early phases of the long‐run decline in mortality† , 2020, The Economic history review.

[13]  M. Shiraki,et al.  Vitamin K Nutrition and Bone Health , 2020, Nutrients.

[14]  N. Mermod,et al.  Transient vitamin B5 starving improves mammalian cell homeostasis and protein production. , 2020, Metabolic engineering.

[15]  B. Ateeq,et al.  Nutritive vitamins as epidrugs , 2020, Critical reviews in food science and nutrition.

[16]  N. Khanjani,et al.  The effect of vitamin E and C on comet assay indices and apoptosis in power plant workers: A double blind randomized controlled clinical trial. , 2020, Mutation research.

[17]  P. Suter.  The B-vitamins , 2020, Essential and Toxic Trace Elements and Vitamins in Human Health.

[18]  Roheeni Saxena,et al.  Role of environmental factors and epigenetics in autism spectrum disorders. , 2020, Progress in molecular biology and translational science.

[19]  N. Yanaka,et al.  Novel preventive mechanisms of vitamin B6 against inflammation, inflammasome, and chronic diseases , 2020 .

[20]  T. Gheita,et al.  The potential role of B5: A stitch in time and switch in cytokine , 2020, Phytotherapy research : PTR.

[21]  Guowei Huang,et al.  Folic Acid Decreases Astrocyte Apoptosis by Preventing Oxidative Stress-Induced Telomere Attrition , 2019, International journal of molecular sciences.

[22]  P. Venditti,et al.  Vitamin E Supplementation and Mitochondria in Experimental and Functional Hyperthyroidism: A Mini-Review , 2019, Nutrients.

[23]  Edward W. Tate,et al.  FSP1 is a glutathione-independent ferroptosis suppressor , 2019, Nature.

[24]  J. Olzmann,et al.  The CoQ oxidoreductase FSP1 acts in parallel to GPX4 to inhibit ferroptosis , 2019, Nature.

[25]  O. Abbas,et al.  Study of the toxic effect and safety of vitamin E supplement in male albino rats after 30 days of repeated treatment , 2019, Heliyon.

[26]  M. Fereidoni,et al.  Protective effects of vitamin K2 on 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells through modulation bax and caspase-3 activation , 2019, Molecular Biology Reports.

[27]  B. Larijani,et al.  Vitamin K and the Immune System , 2019, Nutrition and Immunity.

[28]  V. Apostolopoulos,et al.  Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, and B6 and the Immune System , 2019, Nutrition and Immunity.

[29]  W. Gruissem,et al.  Enhancement of vitamin B6 levels in rice expressing Arabidopsis vitamin B6 biosynthesis de novo genes , 2019, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[30]  Y. Suhara,et al.  New Aspects of Vitamin K Research with Synthetic Ligands: Transcriptional Activity via SXR and Neural Differentiation Activity , 2019, International journal of molecular sciences.

[31]  E. Niki,et al.  CHAPTER 1. Vitamin E: Structure, Properties and Functions , 2019, Vitamin E.

[32]  Yanfei Shao,et al.  Methotrexate induces astrocyte apoptosis by disrupting folate metabolism in the mouse juvenile central nervous system. , 2019, Toxicology letters.

[33]  F. Luo,et al.  Vitamin B5 inhibit RANKL induced osteoclastogenesis and ovariectomy induced osteoporosis by scavenging ROS generation. , 2019, American journal of translational research.

[34]  P. Wong,et al.  The critical chemical and mechanical regulation of folic acid on neural engineering. , 2018, Biomaterials.

[35]  M. Shearer,et al.  Key Pathways and Regulators of Vitamin K Function and Intermediary Metabolism. , 2018, Annual review of nutrition.

[36]  H. Hellmann,et al.  Vitamin B6 and Its Role in Cell Metabolism and Physiology , 2018, Cells.

[37]  M. Kuchan,et al.  RRR-α-Tocopherol Is the Predominant Stereoisomer of α-Tocopherol in Human Milk , 2018, Current developments in nutrition.

[38]  É. Mezey,et al.  Immunomodulatory effect of vitamin K2: Implications for bone health. , 2018, Oral diseases.

[39]  X. Zhong,et al.  Vitamin B5 Reduces Bacterial Growth via Regulating Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity in Mice Infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis , 2018, Front. Immunol..

[40]  K. McKinnon.  Flow Cytometry: An Overview , 2018, Current Protocols in Immunology.

[41]  Dah-Shyong Yu,et al.  Folate receptor expression in bladder cancer and its correlation with tumor behaviors and clinical outcome , 2017 .

[42]  É. Mezey,et al.  Regulation of bone remodeling by vitamin K2. , 2017, Oral diseases.

[43]  C. Caltagirone,et al.  CSF tau is associated with impaired cortical plasticity, cognitive decline and astrocyte survival only in APOE4-positive Alzheimer’s disease , 2017, Scientific Reports.

[44]  X. Zhong,et al.  IL-17 Production of Neutrophils Enhances Antibacteria Ability but Promotes Arthritis Development During Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection , 2017, EBioMedicine.

[45]  M. Bahmani,et al.  The Impact of Oxidative Stress on Testicular Function and the Role of Antioxidants in Improving it: A Review. , 2017, Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR.

[46]  B. Svensson,et al.  Functional and structural characterization of plastidic starch phosphorylase during barley endosperm development , 2017, PloS one.

[47]  A. Teschemacher,et al.  Astroglia as a cellular target for neuroprotection and treatment of neuro‐psychiatric disorders , 2017, Glia.

[48]  T. Özgür,et al.  The Protective Role of Dexpanthenol on the Endometrial Implants in an Experimentally Induced Rat Endometriosis Model , 2017, Reproductive Sciences.

[49]  R. Zain,et al.  Vitamin E (α-Tocopherol) Exhibits Antitumour Activity on Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cells ORL-48 , 2016, Integrative cancer therapies.

[50]  D. Dudea,et al.  Toxicity and efficiency study of plant extracts-based bleaching agents , 2017, Clinical Oral Investigations.

[51]  J. East,et al.  Sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling impacts lymphocyte migration, inflammation and infection. , 2016, Pathogens and disease.

[52]  Tan Jie,et al.  Anti-inflammatory and Anti-oxidative Effects of Dexpanthenol on Lipopolysaccharide Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice , 2016, Inflammation.

[53]  S. Mansour,et al.  Ameliorative effect of vitamin E to mouse dams and their pups following exposure of mothers to chlorpyrifos during gestation and lactation periods , 2016, Toxicology and industrial health.

[54]  B. Gruber.  B-Group Vitamins: Chemoprevention? , 2016, Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical University.

[55]  R. Greaves,et al.  Fat-Soluble Vitamins: Clinical Indications and Current Challenges for Chromatographic Measurement. , 2016, The Clinical biochemist. Reviews.

[56]  W. Gruissem,et al.  Increased bioavailable vitamin B6 in field-grown transgenic cassava for dietary sufficiency , 2015, Nature Biotechnology.

[57]  K. Stover,et al.  Early detection of cognitive deficits in the 3xTg-AD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease , 2015, Behavioural Brain Research.

[58]  V. de Crécy-Lagard,et al.  Systematic genome assessment of B-vitamin biosynthesis suggests co-operation among gut microbes , 2015, Front. Genet..

[59]  M. Amiot,et al.  Fat-soluble vitamin intestinal absorption: absorption sites in the intestine and interactions for absorption. , 2015, Food chemistry.

[60]  P. Morel,et al.  Moderate dietary supplementation with vitamin E enhances lymphocyte functionality in the adult cat. , 2015, Research in veterinary science.

[61]  I. Vergote,et al.  Role of the folate receptor in ovarian cancer treatment: evidence, mechanism, and clinical implications , 2015, Cancer and Metastasis Reviews.

[62]  J. Chawla,et al.  Hydrosoluble vitamins. , 2014, Handbook of clinical neurology.

[63]  I. Gout,et al.  Signalling functions of coenzyme A and its derivatives in mammalian cells. , 2014, Biochemical Society transactions.

[64]  M. Khoshayand,et al.  Targeted poly (L-γ-glutamyl glutamine) nanoparticles of docetaxel against folate over-expressed breast cancer cells. , 2014, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[65]  J. Rumberger,et al.  Pantethine, a derivative of vitamin B5, favorably alters total, LDL and non-HDL cholesterol in low to moderate cardiovascular risk subjects eligible for statin therapy: a triple-blinded placebo and diet-controlled investigation , 2014, Vascular health and risk management.

[66]  I. Goldman,et al.  The intestinal absorption of folates. , 2014, Annual review of physiology.

[67]  S. Booth,et al.  The role of menaquinones (vitamin K₂) in human health. , 2013, The British journal of nutrition.

[68]  Guowei Huang,et al.  DNA methyltransferase mediates dose-dependent stimulation of neural stem cell proliferation by folate. , 2013, The Journal of nutritional biochemistry.

[69]  W. Gruissem,et al.  Strategies for vitamin B6 biofortification of plants: a dual role as a micronutrient and a stress protectant , 2013, Front. Plant Sci..

[70]  K. Lim,et al.  The efficiency of membrane transport of vitamin B6 coupled to poly(ester amine) gene transporter and transfection in cancer cells. , 2013, Biomaterials.

[71]  V. Fulgoni,et al.  Food Sources of Energy and Nutrients among Adults in the US: NHANES 2003–2006 , 2012, Nutrients.

[72]  R. Semba.  The discovery of the vitamins. , 2012, International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition.

[73]  G. Ferland.  Vitamin K, an emerging nutrient in brain function , 2012, BioFactors.

[74]  H. Kiyono,et al.  A Pivotal Role of Vitamin B9 in the Maintenance of Regulatory T Cells In Vitro and In Vivo , 2012, PloS one.

[75]  H. Said.  Intestinal absorption of water-soluble vitamins in health and disease. , 2011, The Biochemical journal.

[76]  L. Bailey,et al.  Folic Acid Food Fortification—Its History, Effect, Concerns, and Future Directions , 2011, Nutrients.

[77]  T. Fitzpatrick.  Vitamin B6 in Plants , 2011 .

[78]  Shui-Tein Chen,et al.  Neurocytoprotective effects of the bioactive constituents of Pueraria thomsonii in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-treated nerve growth factor (NGF)-differentiated PC12 cells. , 2010, Phytochemistry.

[79]  R. Takayanagi,et al.  Vitamin K2 modulates differentiation and apoptosis of both myeloid and erythroid lineages , 2010, European journal of haematology.

[80]  G. Almeida-Porada,et al.  In vivo generation of beta-cell-like cells from CD34(+) cells differentiated from human embryonic stem cells. , 2010, Experimental hematology.

[81]  M. Kurosu,et al.  Vitamin K2 in Electron Transport System: Are Enzymes Involved in Vitamin K2 Biosynthesis Promising Drug Targets? , 2010, Molecules.

[82]  H. Hellmann,et al.  Vitamin B6: A Molecule for Human Health? , 2010, Molecules.

[83]  B. G. Sanders,et al.  Anticancer actions of natural and synthetic vitamin E forms: RRR-alpha-tocopherol blocks the anticancer actions of gamma-tocopherol. , 2009, Molecular nutrition & food research.

[84]  S. Tomar,et al.  Folate: a functional food constituent. , 2009, Journal of food science.

[85]  J. P. Xu,et al.  Effect of vitamin E on reproductive function in the mice treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin* , 2008, Toxicology and industrial health.

[86]  M. Shearer,et al.  Metabolism and cell biology of vitamin K , 2008, Thrombosis and Haemostasis.

[87]  Jasper Rine,et al.  The prevalence of folate-remedial MTHFR enzyme variants in humans , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[88]  H. Kiyono,et al.  Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Regulates the Egress of IgA Plasmablasts from Peyer’s Patches for Intestinal IgA Responses1 , 2008, The Journal of Immunology.

[89]  S. Heptinstall,et al.  Acyl derivatives of coenzyme A inhibit platelet function via antagonism at P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors: A new finding that may influence the design of anti-thrombotic agents , 2008, Platelets.

[90]  G. Hosgood,et al.  Effects of dietary fish oil and vitamin E supplementation on canine lymphocyte proliferation evaluated using a flow cytometric technique. , 2007, Veterinary immunology and immunopathology.

[91]  S. Jackowski,et al.  Biosynthesis of Pantothenic Acid and Coenzyme A , 2007, EcoSal Plus.

[92]  S. Munné-Bosch.  α‐Tocopherol: A Multifaceted Molecule in Plants , 2007 .

[93]  David R. Thomas.  Vitamins in Aging, Health, and Longevity , 2006, Clinical interventions in aging.

[94]  Erik J M Konings,et al.  Water-soluble vitamins , 2019, Innovative Thermal and Non-Thermal Processing, Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Nutrients and Bioactive Compounds.

[95]  Teruhiko Yoshida,et al.  Folate, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, and Vitamin B2 Intake, Genetic Polymorphisms of Related Enzymes, and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in a Hospital-Based Case-Control Study in Japan , 2005, Nutrition and cancer.

[96]  H. Yoshiji,et al.  Antitumor effects of vitamins K1, K2 and K3 on hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. , 2005, International journal of oncology.

[97]  C. Abell,et al.  Biosynthesis of pantothenate. , 2004, Natural product reports.

[98]  D. Lamson,et al.  The anticancer effects of vitamin K. , 2003, Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic.

[99]  C. Halsted.  Absorption of water-soluble vitamins. , 2003, Current opinion in gastroenterology.

[100]  S. Duthie,et al.  Impact of folate deficiency on DNA stability. , 2002, The Journal of nutrition.

[101]  G Valet,et al.  Flow-cytometric investigation of cellular metabolism during oxidative stress and the effect of tocopherol. , 1999, International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition.

[102]  S. Duthie,et al.  Folic acid deficiency and cancer: mechanisms of DNA instability. , 1999, British medical bulletin.

[103]  T. Katagiri,et al.  Vitamin K2 selectively induces apoptosis of blastic cells in myelodysplastic syndrome: flow cytometric detection of apoptotic cells using APO2.7 monoclonal antibody , 1998, Leukemia.

[104]  S. Booth.  Skeletal functions of vitamin K-dependent proteins: not just for clotting anymore. , 2009, Nutrition reviews.

[105]  A. Anagnostou,et al.  dl-alpha-tocopherol induces apoptosis in erythroleukemia, prostate, and breast cancer cells. , 1997, Nutrition and cancer.

[106]  A. Órfão,et al.  Flow cytometry in the diagnosis of cancer. , 1995, Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation. Supplementum.

[107]  G. Kreutzberg,et al.  Microglial involvement in experimental autoimmune inflammation of the central and peripheral nervous system , 1993, Glia.

[108]  Gene M. Brown,et al.  Biosynthesis of Pantothenic Acid and Coenzyme A , 1970 .

[109]  E. Stokstad.  The biochemistry of the water-soluble vitamins. , 1962, Annual review of biochemistry.