Analogy and the dual-route model of morphology

Abstract Prasada and Pinker's (1993) subjects provided past tense forms of nonce verbs. The subject's willingness to provide irregular past tense forms correlated with the verb's phonological similarity to existing irregular English verbs. However, there was no correlation between the number of nonce verbs assigned regular inflection, and the verb's similarity to existing regular verbs. According to the dual-route model, this is expected since irregular items are stored in associative memory, while regular items take an allomorph of -ed by rule. A singleroute connectionist simulation failed to duplicate the subject's behavior on regular verbs. Two instance-based models were applied to the data: Analogical Modeling of Language and the Tilburg Memory Based Learner. Each model employed a similarity algorithm to determine the behavior of all regular and irregular items. Both models successfully mirrored the subject's responses. Therefore, the data are consistent with an instance-based single-route model of morphology.

[1]  Gary F. Marcus,et al.  German Inflection: The Exception That Proves the Rule , 1995, Cognitive Psychology.

[2]  J. Watson,et al.  Conditioned emotional reactions , 1920 .

[3]  Joseph P. Stemberger,et al.  Rule-Less Morphology at the Phonology-Lexicon Interface , 1994 .

[4]  J. Jaeger.  A POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHIC STUDY OF REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERB MORPHOLOGY IN ENGLISH , 1996 .

[5]  Joan L. Bybee,et al.  Regular morphology and the lexicon. , 1995 .

[6]  N. Chater,et al.  Proceedings of the fourteenth annual conference of the cognitive science society , 1992 .

[7]  James L. McClelland.  Connectionist models and psychological evidence , 1988 .

[8]  Garrison W. Cottrell,et al.  Acquiring the Mapping from Meaning to Sounds , 1994, Connect. Sci..

[9]  Steven Davis,et al.  Connectionism: theory and practice , 1992 .

[10]  Walter Daelemans,et al.  Skousen's analogical modeling algorithm: a comparison with lazy learning , 1997 .

[11]  Carol Lynn Moder,et al.  Morphological Classes as Natural Categories , 1983 .

[12]  A. Jongman,et al.  Processing of English inflectional morphology , 1997, Memory & cognition.

[13]  S. Pinker,et al.  On language and connectionism: Analysis of a parallel distributed processing model of language acquisition , 1988, Cognition.

[14]  T. Bever,et al.  The relation between linguistic structure and associative theories of language learning—A constructive critique of some connectionist learning models , 1988, Cognition.

[15]  James L. McClelland,et al.  An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: Part 2. The contextual enhancement effect and some tests and extensions of the model. , 1982, Psychological review.

[16]  Don L. Scarborough,et al.  Frequency and Repetition Effects in Lexical Memory. , 1977 .

[17]  Royal Skousen,et al.  Productivity and the English Past Tense: Testing Skousen's Analogy Model , 1994 .

[18]  R. Nosofsky.  Relations between exemplar-similarity and likelihood models of classification , 1990 .

[19]  V. Marchman,et al.  U-shaped learning and frequency effects in a multi-layered perception: Implications for child language acquisition , 1991, Cognition.

[20]  Lars Borin,et al.  What is a lexical representation? , 1985, NODALIDA.

[21]  P. Allen,et al.  Perhaps the lexicon is coded as a function of word frequency. , 1992 .

[22]  R. Nosofsky.  Exemplar-Based Accounts of Relations Between Classification, Recognition, and Typicality , 1988 .

[23]  J. Elman,et al.  Rethinking Innateness: A Connectionist Perspective on Development , 1996 .

[24]  Royal Skousen,et al.  Analogical Modeling Of Language , 1989 .

[25]  K. Plunkett,et al.  A cross-linguistic comparison of single and dual-route models of inflectional morphology , 2000 .

[26]  B MacWhinney,et al.  Frequency and the lexical storage of regularly inflected forms , 1986, Memory & cognition.

[27]  G. Marcus,et al.  Regular and irregular inflection in the acquisition of German noun plurals , 1992, Cognition.

[28]  Mark S. Seidenberg,et al.  Consistency effects in the generation of past tense morphology , 1990 .

[29]  G. E. MacKinnon,et al.  Reading Research Advances in Theory and Practice , 1985 .

[30]  L.W.M. Bod.  An Experienced Based Theory of Language , 1998 .

[31]  M. Ullman.  Acceptability Ratings of Regular and Irregular Past-tense Forms: Evidence for a Dual-system Model of Language from Word Frequency and Phonological Neighbourhood Effects , 1999 .

[32]  Royal Skousen.  Analogy and Structure , 1992, Springer Netherlands.

[33]  Mark S. Seidenberg,et al.  Rules or connections? The past tense revisited , 1992 .

[34]  William D. Marslen-Wilson,et al.  Dissociating types of mental computation , 1997, Nature.

[35]  B. MacWhinney,et al.  Implementations are not conceptualizations: Revising the verb learning model , 1991, Cognition.

[36]  Steven Pinker,et al.  Generalisation of regular and irregular morphological patterns , 1993 .

[37]  S. Pinker.  Words and rules in the human brain , 1997, Nature.

[38]  M. Taft.  Prefix Stripping Revisited. , 1981 .

[39]  Joan L. Bybee,et al.  Rules and schemas in the development and use of the English past tense , 1982 .

[40]  Virginia A. Marchman,et al.  Children's Productivity in the English Past Tense: The Role of Frequency, Phonology, and Neighborhood Structure , 1997, Cogn. Sci..

[41]  Walter Daelemans,et al.  TiMBL: Tilburg Memory-Based Learner, version 2.0, Reference guide , 1998 .

[42]  Steven Pinker,et al.  Regular and Irregular Morphology and the Psychological Status of Rules of Grammar , 1991 .

[43]  Douglas L. Medin,et al.  Context theory of classification learning. , 1978 .

[44]  G. Marcus.  The acquisition of the English past tense in children and multilayered connectionist networks , 1995, Cognition.

[45]  S Pinker,et al.  Overregularization in language acquisition. , 1992, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development.

[46]  Daniel B. Jones,et al.  Analogical natural language processing , 1996 .

[47]  M. Penke,et al.  How the brain processes complex words: an ERP-study of German verb inflections , 1997 .

[48]  Raymond J. Mooney,et al.  Induction of First-Order Decision Lists: Results on Learning the Past Tense of English Verbs , 1995, J. Artif. Intell. Res..

[49]  S. D. Lima,et al.  The reality of linguistic rules , 1994 .

[50]  David R. Shanks,et al.  The Psychology of Associative Learning , 1995 .

[51]  S Pinker,et al.  Rules of language. , 1991, Science.

[52]  L. Katz,et al.  The processing of inflected words , 1991, Psychological research.

[53]  M. Penke,et al.  How the brain processes complex words: an event-related potential study of German verb inflections. , 1997, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[54]  Mark S. Seidenberg,et al.  Evaluating behavioral and neuroimaging data on past tense processing , 1998, Language.

[55]  Steven Pinker,et al.  Some evidence that irregular forms are retrieved from memory but regular forms are rule generated , 1990 .

[56]  Yunheng Ji.  MORPHOLOGY , 1937, A Grammar of Italian Sign Language (LIS).

[57]  W. Nelson Francis,et al.  FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH USAGE: LEXICON AND GRAMMAR , 1983 .

[58]  Christopher K. Riesbeck,et al.  Inside Case-Based Reasoning , 1989 .

[59]  L. Manelis,et al.  The processing of affixed words , 1977, Memory & cognition.

[60]  Steve Chandler,et al.  Are rules and modules really necessary for explaining language? , 1993, Journal of Psycholinguistic Research.

[61]  D. G. MacKay.  The Problems of Flexibility, Fluency, and Speed-Accuracy Trade-Off in Skilled Behavior. , 1982 .

[62]  Mark S. Seidenberg,et al.  Beyond Rules and Exceptions: A Connectionist Approach to Inflectional Morphology , 1994 .

[63]  V. Marchman.  Children's productivity in the English past tense: The role of frequency, phonology, and neighborhoo , 1997 .