Breaking of waves by an opposing current

For deep-water waves propagating from still water upstream against a moving current, complete breaking occurs when the velocity of the opposing current reaches 1/4 of the wave velocity. This was verified by experimental results. Partial breaking took place when the ratio was between 1/7 and 1/4.

[1]  P. J. H. UNNA,et al.  Waves and Tidal Streams , 1942, Nature.

[2]  J. Michell,et al.  XLIV. The highest waves in water , 1893 .