Crystal Growth of the Perovskite Semiconductor CsPbBr3: A New Material for High-Energy Radiation Detection

The synthesis, crystal growth, and structural and optoelectronic characterization has been carried out for the perovskite compound CsPbBr3. This compound is a direct band gap semiconductor which meets most of the requirements for successful detection of X- and γ-ray radiation, such as high attenuation, high resistivity, and significant photoconductivity response, with detector resolution comparable to that of commercial, state-of-the-art materials. A structural phase transition which occurs during crystal growth at higher temperature does not seem to affect its crystal quality. Its μτ product for both hole and electron carriers is approximately equal. The μτ product for electrons is comparable to cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) and that for holes is 10 times higher than CZT.

[1]  M. Kanatzidis,et al.  Crystal Growth and Characterization of the X-ray and γ-ray Detector Material Cs2Hg6S7 , 2012 .

[2]  A. Churilov,et al.  Recent Progress in Thallium Bromide Gamma-Ray Spectrometer Development , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[3]  M. Nikl,et al.  Polarized luminescence of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals (quantum dots) in CsBr:Pb single crystal , 1999 .

[4]  M. Kanatzidis,et al.  Thallium Chalcogenide-Based Wide-Band-Gap Semiconductors: TlGaSe2 for Radiation Detectors , 2011 .

[5]  J. H. Hubbell,et al.  XCOM : Photon Cross Sections Database , 2005 .

[6]  J. M. Perez-Mato,et al.  Bilbao Crystallographic Server : Useful Databases and Tools for Phase-Transition Studies , 2003 .

[7]  Chang Yoon,et al.  Linear Network Model of Gene Regulation for the Yeast Cell Cycle , 2004 .

[8]  Y. Ishii,et al.  Low-energy excitation in CsPbX3 (X=Cl, Br) , 2002 .

[9]  P. Luke,et al.  Evaluation of THM-Grown CdZnTe Material for Large-Volume Gamma-Ray Detector Applications , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[10]  R. James,et al.  Internal Electric-Field-Lines Distribution in CdZnTe Detectors Measured Using X-Ray Mapping , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[11]  Iftikhar Ahmad,et al.  First principle study of the structural and optoelectronic properties of cubic perovskites CsPbM3 (M¼Cl, Br, I) , 2011 .

[12]  M. Kanatzidis,et al.  Investigation of defect levels in Cs2Hg6S7 single crystals by photoconductivity and photoluminescence spectroscopies , 2012 .

[13]  J. Harada,et al.  Structural Phase Transitions in CsPbBr 3 , 1974 .

[14]  Kazuo Fueki,et al.  Ionic conduction of the perovskite-type halides , 1983 .

[15]  L. C. Teague,et al.  Wavelength dependence on the space charge collection in CdZnTe detectors , 2012 .

[16]  L. Vasanelli,et al.  PbI2 as Nuclear Particle Detector , 1977, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[17]  M. Nikl,et al.  Excitons in CsPbX3 (X=Cl, Br, I) ternary nanocrystallites in thin film matrices , 2001 .

[18]  J. Treusch,et al.  Optical properties and electronic structure of CsPbCl3 and CsPbBr3 , 1978 .

[19]  A. Churilov,et al.  Continued development of thallium bromide and related compounds for gamma-ray spectrometers , 2011 .

[20]  H. Asada,et al.  Photoluminescence and stimulated emission from microcrystalline CsPbCl3 films prepared by amorphous-to-crystalline transformation , 2004 .

[21]  M. Gurioli,et al.  Luminescence of CsPbBr3-like quantum dots in CsBr single crystals , 1999 .

[22]  Anthony L. Spek,et al.  Structure validation in chemical crystallography , 2009, Acta crystallographica. Section D, Biological crystallography.

[23]  M. Sakata,et al.  Neutron Diffraction Study of the Structure of Cubic CsPbBr 3 , 1979 .

[24]  M. Kanatzidis,et al.  Dimensional Reduction: A Design Tool for New Radiation Detection Materials , 2011, Advanced materials.

[25]  M. Sakata,et al.  A neutron diffraction study of anharmonic thermal vibrations in cubic CsPbX3 , 1980 .

[26]  Huihui Huang,et al.  Low-threshold UV light-emitting diodes realized from ZnO/MgZnO quantum-well-based metal-insulator-semiconductor structures , 2012 .

[27]  C. K. Møller.  Crystal Structure and Photoconductivity of Cæsium Plumbohalides , 1958 .

[28]  M. Kanatzidis,et al.  Thallous chalcogenide (Tl6I4Se) for radiation detection at X-ray and γ-ray energies , 2011 .

[29]  Z. Zhang,et al.  Crystal growth. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[30]  M. Bandstra,et al.  Measurements of Fukushima fallout by the Berkeley Radiological Air and Water Monitoring project , 2011, 2011 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record.

[31]  T. Taguchi,et al.  Excitonic emission in cadmium telluride , 1975 .

[32]  M. Kanatzidis,et al.  Formation of native defects in the γ-ray detector material Cs2Hg6S7 , 2012 .

[33]  A. Authier,et al.  Plastic defects in α-HgI2 single crystals☆ , 1982 .

[34]  G. Sheldrick.  A short history of SHELX. , 2008, Acta crystallographica. Section A, Foundations of crystallography.

[35]  J. Donaldson,et al.  Evidence for the direct population of solid-state bands by non-bonding electron pairs in compounds of the type CsMIIX3(MII= Ge, Sn, Pb; X = Cl, Br, I) , 1995 .

[36]  A. Many,et al.  High-field effects in photoconducting cadmium sulphide , 1965 .

[37]  M. Kanatzidis,et al.  CsHgInS3: a New Quaternary Semiconductor for γ-ray Detection , 2012 .

[38]  Schmidt,et al.  Excitation-power dependence of the near-band-edge photoluminescence of semiconductors. , 1992, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[39]  S. Suryanarayana,et al.  Ionic conductivity of CsPbCl3 and CsPbBr3 , 1987 .

[40]  M. Schreiber,et al.  Electronic structure, photoemission spectra, and vacuum-ultraviolet optical spectra of CsPb Cl 3 and CsPb Br 3 , 1981 .

[41]  Martin Nikl,et al.  Lead bromide and ternary alkali lead bromide single crystals — growth and emission properties , 1996 .

[42]  Ezio Caroli,et al.  Progress in the Development of CdTe and CdZnTe Semiconductor Radiation Detectors for Astrophysical and Medical Applications , 2009, Sensors.

[43]  Digital pulse processing for planar TlBr detectors, optimized for ballistic deficit and charge-trapping effect , 2012 .

[44]  P. Luke.  Single-polarity charge sensing in ionization detectors using coplanar electrodes , 1994 .

[45]  J. Brozek,et al.  Phase transitions in ternary caesium lead bromide , 2003 .

[46]  A. Masaki,et al.  Strongly Enhanced Free-Exciton Luminescence in Microcrystalline CsPbBr3 Films , 2003 .

[47]  Analytical theory of a small signal modulation response of a transistor laser with dots-in-well in the base , 2012 .

[48]  M. Kanatzidis,et al.  Thallium chalcohalides for X-ray and γ-ray detection. , 2011, Journal of the American Chemical Society.