The transformational leader: who is (s)he? A feminist perspective

As women increasingly enter leadership roles that traditionally have been occupied by men, and with the increasing diffusion of transformational leadership theory, there is growing interest in the relationship between gender and transformational leadership. A wide array of feminist theories that have emerged in the last decades offer conceptual lenses, which can enrich an understanding of the role of gender in the organizational context and the study of leadership. This paper explores how various approaches in feminist thought intersect with the study of gender and transformational/charismatic leadership. I reviewed earlier studies with reference to the different feminist approaches, demonstrating how each reveals a different facet in the understanding of gender and transformational leadership. Finally, I point to the perspectives that have been neglected in this stream of research and offer directions for future research.

[1]  B. Bass LEADERSHIP AND PERFORMANCE BEYOND EXPECTATIONS , 1985 .

[2]  V. Druskat Gender and leadership style: Transformational and transactional leadership in the Roman Catholic Church , 1994 .

[3]  Michael Z. Hackman,et al.  Perceptions of Gender-Role Characteristics and Transformational and Transactional Leadership Behaviours , 1992 .

[4]  Yvonne Due Billing,et al.  Understanding Gender and Organizations , 1998 .

[5]  Morgan W. McCall,et al.  Stogdill's Handbook of Leadership , 1982 .

[6]  Debra Meyerson,et al.  A Modest Manifesto for Shattering the Glass Ceiling , 2000 .

[7]  S. Carless Gender Differences in Transformational Leadership: An Examination of Superior, Leader, and Subordinate Perspectives , 1998 .

[8]  R. N. Kanungo,et al.  Charismatic leadership in organizations , 1998 .

[9]  Alison M. Jaggar Feminist Politics and Human Nature , 1983 .

[10]  M. Calás Deconstructing charismatic leadership: Re-reading Weber from the darker side , 1993 .

[11]  L. Atwater,et al.  The Transformational and Transactional Leadership of Men and Women , 1996 .

[12]  Blair T. Johnson,et al.  Gender and Leadership Style: A Meta-Analysis , 1990 .

[13]  C. Oseen Luce Irigaray, Sexual Difference and Theorizing Leaders and Leadership , 1997 .

[14]  J. B. Rosener America's competitive secret : women managers , 1997 .

[15]  M. Arthur,et al.  The Motivational Effects of Charismatic Leadership: A Self-Concept Based Theory , 1993 .

[16]  Jan Grant,et al.  Women as managers: What they can offer to organizations , 1988 .

[17]  Joanne D. Martin,et al.  Hidden Gendered Assumptions in Mainstream Organizational Theory and Research , 2000 .

[18]  B. Bass,et al.  Re‐examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership , 1999 .

[19]  J. Flax,et al.  Thinking Fragments: Psychoanalysis, Feminism, and Postmodernism in the Contemporary West , 1990 .

[20]  B. Bass Bass & Stogdill's handbook of leadership: Theory, research, and managerial applications, 3rd ed. , 1990 .

[21]  M. Heilman Description and prescription: How gender stereotypes prevent women's ascent up the organizational ladder. , 2001 .

[22]  Jane M. Howell,et al.  Personality and charismatic leadership , 1992 .

[23]  Yvonne Due Billing,et al.  Questioning the notion of feminine leadership , 2000 .

[24]  Neal M. Ashkanasy,et al.  Transformational leadership as management of emotion: A conceptual review , 2000 .

[25]  Marta B. Calás,et al.  From ‘the Woman's’ Point of View: Feminist Approaches to Organization Studies , 1999 .

[26]  L. Smircich,et al.  Voicing Seduction to Silence Leadership , 1991 .

[27]  Karin Klenke,et al.  Book Review: Women and Leadership: A Contextual Perspective Karin Klenke New York: Springer, 1996, 307 pp. cloth , 1997 .

[28]  C. Ridgeway,et al.  Gender, Status, and Leadership , 2001 .

[29]  Kevin B. Lowe,et al.  Effectiveness correlates of transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic review of the mlq literature , 1996 .

[30]  Joyce K. Fletcher Castrating the Female Advantage , 1994 .

[31]  Adrienne Rich,et al.  Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence , 1980, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society.

[32]  Nanette Fondas FEMINIZATION UNVEILED: MANAGEMENT QUALITIES IN CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS , 1997 .

[33]  M. V. van Engen,et al.  Transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles: a meta-analysis comparing women and men. , 2003, Psychological bulletin.

[34]  R. Tong,et al.  Feminist Thought: A More Comprehensive Introduction , 1989 .

[35]  Joan Acker HIERARCHIES, JOBS, BODIES: , 1990 .

[36]  D. Meyerson,et al.  Theories of Gender in Organizations: A New Approach to Organizational Analysis and Change1 , 2000 .

[37]  Jean Lipman-Blumen,et al.  Connective Leadership: Female Leadership Styles in the 21st-Century Workplace , 1992 .

[38]  A. Eagly,et al.  The Leadership Styles of Women and Men , 2001 .

[39]  G. Yukl,et al.  Leadership in Organizations , 1981 .

[40]  K. Deaux,et al.  Putting gender into context: An interactive model of gender-related behavior. , 1987 .

[41]  David L. Collinson,et al.  ‘Over the Pond and Across the Water’: Developing the Field of ‘Gendered Organizations’ , 2002 .

[42]  Linda L. Putnam,et al.  The Politics of Emotion: A Feminist Reading of Bounded Rationality , 1992 .

[43]  J. Miller The Healing Connection: How Women Form Relationships in Therapy and in Life , 1997 .

[44]  C. Mohanty,et al.  FEMINISM WITHOUT BORDERS , 2011 .

[45]  Susan R. Komives The relationship of same- and cross-gender work pairs to staff performance and supervisor leadership in residence hall units , 1991 .

[46]  Karen J. Maher Gender-Related Stereotypes of Transformational and Transactional Leadership , 1997 .

[47]  C. Gilligan In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women''s , 1982 .

[48]  G. Dobbins,et al.  Sex Differences in Leadership: How Real Are They? , 1986 .

[49]  J. B. Rosener Ways women lead. , 1990, Harvard business review.