Infrastructure planning for fast charging stations in a competitive market

Abstract Most existing studies on EV charging infrastructure planning take a central planner’s perspective, by assuming that investment decision on charging facilities can be controlled by a single decision entity. In this paper, we establish modeling and computational methods to support business-driven EV charging infrastructure investment planning problem, where the infrastructure system is shaped by collective actions of multiple decision entities who do not necessarily coordinate with each other. A network-based multi-agent optimization modeling framework is developed to simultaneously capture the selfish behaviors of individual investors and travelers and their interactions over a network structure. To overcome computational difficulty imposed by non-convexity of the problem, we rely on recent theoretical development on variational convergence of bivariate functions to design a solution algorithm with analysis on its convergence properties. Numerical experiments are implemented to study the performance of proposed method and draw practical insights.

[1]  Michael Kuby,et al.  Optimization of hydrogen stations in Florida using the Flow-Refueling Location Model , 2009 .

[2]  Hau L. Lee,et al.  Equilibrium Analysis of Disaggregate Facility Choice Systems Subject to Congestion-Elastic Demand , 1985, Oper. Res..

[3]  Michael Kuby,et al.  The flow-refueling location problem for alternative-fuel vehicles , 2005 .

[4]  Yosef Sheffi,et al.  Urban Transportation Networks: Equilibrium Analysis With Mathematical Programming Methods , 1985 .

[5]  Michael A Nicholas,et al.  California Statewide Charging Assessment Model for Plug-in Electric Vehicles: Learning from Statewide Travel Surveys , 2013 .

[6]  Fang He,et al.  Optimal deployment of public charging stations for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles , 2013 .

[7]  Retail Policies and Competition in the Gasoline Industry , 2005 .

[8]  A. Schroeder,et al.  The economics of fast charging infrastructure for electric vehicles , 2012 .

[9]  Roger J.-B. Wets,et al.  Variational Convergence of Bifunctions: Motivating Applications , 2014, SIAM J. Optim..

[10]  Yan Zhou,et al.  An optimization framework for workplace charging strategies , 2015 .

[11]  S. Hakimi.  On locating new facilities in a competitive environment , 1983 .

[12]  S. L. Hakimi,et al.  Optimum Locations of Switching Centers and the Absolute Centers and Medians of a Graph , 1964 .

[13]  M. Powell.  The BOBYQA algorithm for bound constrained optimization without derivatives , 2009 .

[14]  Zhenhong Lin,et al.  Charging infrastructure planning for promoting battery electric vehicles: An activity-based approach using multiday travel data , 2014 .

[15]  Margaret L. Brandeau,et al.  FACILITY LOCATION IN A USER-OPTIMIZING ENVIRONMENT WITH MARKET EXTERNALITIES: ANALYSIS OF CUSTOMER EQUILIBRIA AND OPTIMAL PUBLIC FACILITY LOCATIONS. , 1994 .

[16]  Ying-Wei Wang,et al.  Locating multiple types of recharging stations for battery-powered electric vehicle transport , 2013 .

[17]  Valeria Bernardo,et al.  Fast Charging Stations: Simulating Entry and Location in a Game of Strategic Interaction , 2016 .

[18]  Oded Berman,et al.  Locating flow-intercepting facilities: New approaches and results , 1995, Ann. Oper. Res..

[19]  J G Wardrop,et al.  CORRESPONDENCE. SOME THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF ROAD TRAFFIC RESEARCH. , 1952 .

[20]  R. Town,et al.  Are All the Good Men Married? Uncovering the Sources of the Marital Wage Premium , 2003 .

[21]  Michael C. Ferris,et al.  Engineering and Economic Applications of Complementarity Problems , 1997, SIAM Rev..

[22]  Payam Sadeghi-Barzani,et al.  Optimal fast charging station placing and sizing , 2014 .

[23]  M. J. Hodgson.  A Flow-Capturing Location-Allocation Model , 2010 .

[24]  J. Wardrop.  ROAD PAPER. SOME THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF ROAD TRAFFIC RESEARCH. , 1952 .

[25]  Dominik Kress,et al.  Sequential competitive location on networks , 2013, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[26]  Christopher Yang,et al.  A network-based dispatch model for evaluating the spatial and temporal effects of plug-in electric vehicle charging on GHG emissions , 2015 .

[27]  Sze Chun Wong,et al.  A Continuous Equilibrium Model for Estimating Market Areas of Competitive Facilities with Elastic Demand and Market Externality , 2000, Transp. Sci..

[28]  Shengyin Li,et al.  Heuristic approaches for the flow-based set covering problem with deviation paths , 2014 .

[29]  Lorenz T. Biegler,et al.  On the implementation of an interior-point filter line-search algorithm for large-scale nonlinear programming , 2006, Math. Program..

[30]  Justine S. Hastings.  Vertical Relationships and Competition in Retail Gasoline Markets: An Empirical Evidence from Contract Changes in Southern California , 2000 .

[31]  Jean-François Houde,et al.  Spatial Differentiation and Vertical Contracts in Retail Markets for Gasoline , 2009 .

[32]  Oded Berman,et al.  Optimal Location of Discretionary Service Facilities , 1992, Transp. Sci..

[33]  Tim Brown,et al.  Emissions impacts of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle deployment on the U.S. western grid , 2010 .

[34]  Haijun Huang,et al.  A combined trip distribution and assignment model for multiple user classes , 1992 .

[35]  Roger J.-B. Wets,et al.  Variational convergence of bivariate functions: lopsided convergence , 2008, Math. Program..

[36]  Paul R. Harper,et al.  Locational analysis: highlights of growth to maturity , 2009, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[37]  Zhenhong Lin,et al.  Within-Day Recharge of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Energy Impact of Public Charging Infrastructure , 2012 .

[38]  Zvi Drezner,et al.  Location-allocation on a line with demand-dependent costs , 1996 .

[39]  António Pais Antunes,et al.  Optimal Location of Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles in a Neighborhood in Lisbon, Portugal , 2011 .

[40]  Michael Kuby,et al.  The deviation-flow refueling location model for optimizing a network of refueling stations , 2012 .

[41]  G. A. Putrus,et al.  Impact of electric vehicles on power distribution networks , 2009, 2009 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference.

[42]  J. G. Wardrop,et al.  Some Theoretical Aspects of Road Traffic Research , 1952 .