Methods and strategies for overvoltage prevention in low voltage distribution systems with PV

The rapid development of photovoltaic (PV) systems in electrical grids brings new challenges in the control and operation of power systems. A considerable share of already installed PV units is small-scale units, usually connected to low-voltage (LV) distribution systems that were not designed to handle a high share of PV power. This study provides an in-depth review of methods and strategies proposed to prevent overvoltage in LV grids with PV and discusses the effectiveness, advantages, and disadvantages of them in detail. On the basis of the mathematical framework presented in this study, the overvoltage caused by high PV penetration is described, solutions to facilitate higher PV penetration are classified, and their effectiveness, advantages, and disadvantages are illustrated. The investigated solutions include the grid reinforcement, electrical energy storage application, reactive power absorption by PV inverters, application of active medium-voltage to LV transformers, active power curtailment, and demand response. Coordination between voltage control units by localised, distributed, and centralised voltage control methods is compared using the voltage sensitivity analysis. On the basis of the analysis, a combination of overvoltage prevention methods and coordination between voltage control units can provide an efficient solution to increase the PV hosting capacity of LV grids.