Calculi for interaction

Abstract.Action structures have previously been proposed as an algebra for both the syntax and the semantics of interactive computation. Here, a class of concrete action structures called action calculi is identified, which can serve as a non-linear syntax for a wide variety of models of interactive behaviour. Each action in an action calculus is represented as an assembly of molecules; the syntactic binding of names is the means by which molecules are bound together. A graphical form, action graphs, is used to aid presentation. One action calculus differs from another only in its generators, called controls. Action calculi generalise a previously defined action structure $\mbox{\sf PIC}$ for the $\pi$-calculus. Several extensions to $\mbox{\sf PIC}$ are given as action calculi, giving essentially the same power as the $\pi$-calculus. An action calculus is also given for the typed $\lambda$-calculus, and for Petri nets parametrized on their places and transitions. An equational characterization of action calculi is given: each action calculus $A$ is the quotient of a term algebra by certain equations. The terms are generated by a set of operators, including those basic to all action structures as well as the controls specific to $A$; the equations are the basic axioms of action structures together with four additional axiom schemata.