Risk Analysis of Thyroid Cancer in China: A Spatial Analysis

Thyroid cancer (TC) is the fastest growing cancer in China and has lots of influencing factors which can be intervened to reduce its incidence. In this article, we aimed to identify the risk factors of TC. The regional TC data in 2016 were obtained from the China Cancer Registry Annual Report published by the National Cancer Center (NCC). Univariate correlation analysis and generalized linear Poisson regression analysis were used to determine risk factors for morbidity of TC from the provincial and prefecture levels. High urbanization rate (UR) (RR = 1.109, 95%CI: 1.084, 1.135), high GDP per capita (PGDP) (RR = 1.013, 95%CI: 1.007, 1.018), high aquatic products (RR = 1.047, 95%CI: 1.020, 1.075) and dry and fresh fruit consumption (RR = 1.024, 95%CI: 1.007, 1.040) can increase TC incidence. Therefore, high PGDP, high UR, high aquatic products and dry and fresh fruit consumption were all risk factors for TC incidence. Our results may be helpful for providing analytical ideas and methodological references for the regionalized prevention and control of TC in a targeted manner.

[1]  R. Ramos,et al.  Impact of residential greenness on myocardial infarction in population with diabetes: A sex-dependent association? , 2021, Environmental research.

[2]  D. Yoo,et al.  Spatial distribution and determinants of thyroid cancer incidence from 1999 to 2013 in Korea , 2021, Scientific Reports.

[3]  H. Choi,et al.  National cohort and meteorological data based nested case–control study on the association between air pollution exposure and thyroid cancer , 2021, Scientific Reports.

[4]  S. Biswal,et al.  Ambient particulate matter air pollution is associated with increased risk of papillary thyroid cancer. , 2021, Surgery.

[5]  Cairong Zhu,et al.  Changing incidence and projections of thyroid cancer in mainland China, 1983–2032: evidence from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents , 2021, Cancer Causes & Control.

[6]  Kok Pim Kua,et al.  The influence of residential greenness on mortality in the Asia-Pacific region: a systematic review and meta-analysis , 2021, Perspectives in public health.

[7]  G. Vitale,et al.  Ddiet as a possible influencing factor in thyroid cancer incidence: the point of view of the nutritionist. , 2021, Panminerva medica.

[8]  R. Zheng,et al.  Mapping overdiagnosis of thyroid cancer in China. , 2021, The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology.

[9]  M. Fararouei,et al.  Thyroid cancer and its associated factors: A population‐based case‐control study , 2021, International journal of cancer.

[10]  A. Jemal,et al.  Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries , 2021, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[11]  G. Roshandel,et al.  Temporal and Geographical Trends of Incidence of Thyroid Cancer in Golestan, Iran, 2004-2013. , 2021, Archives of Iranian medicine.

[12]  C. Melidis,et al.  Ecological Study on Thyroid Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Association with European Union Member States’ Air Pollution , 2020, International journal of environmental research and public health.

[13]  S. Zenk,et al.  Associations of urban greenness with asthma and respiratory symptoms in Mexican American children. , 2019, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[14]  Qing-min Liu,et al.  The spatio-temporal distribution and risk factors of thyroid cancer during rapid urbanization-A case study in China. , 2018, The Science of the total environment.

[15]  Mohammad Hossein Khosravi,et al.  Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2016 , 2018, JAMA oncology.

[16]  G. Christakos,et al.  Contribution of industrial density and socioeconomic status to the spatial distribution of thyroid cancer risk in Hangzhou, China. , 2018, The Science of the total environment.

[17]  E. Riboli,et al.  Consumption of fruits, vegetables and fruit juices and differentiated thyroid carcinoma risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study , 2018, International journal of cancer.

[18]  Sue-Kyung Park,et al.  Relationship between iodine levels and papillary thyroid carcinoma: A systematic review and meta‐analysis , 2017, Head & neck.

[19]  Hongmei Shen,et al.  National iodine deficiency disorders: an analysis of surveillance data in 2011 , 2015 .

[20]  K. Bhaskaran,et al.  Body-mass index and risk of 22 specific cancers: a population-based cohort study of 5·24 million UK adults , 2014, The Lancet.

[21]  Benjamin D. Smith,et al.  Projecting cancer incidence and deaths to 2030: the unexpected burden of thyroid, liver, and pancreas cancers in the United States. , 2014, Cancer research.

[22]  Seong-Woo Choi,et al.  The Association Between the Socioeconomic Status and Thyroid Cancer Prevalence; Based on the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010-2011 , 2013, Journal of Korean medical science.

[23]  M. A. Marcello,et al.  Obesity and Excess Protein and Carbohydrate Consumption Are Risk Factors for Thyroid Cancer , 2012, Nutrition and cancer.

[24]  G. Kong,et al.  The effect of raw vegetable and fruit intake on thyroid cancer risk among women: a case–control study in South Korea , 2012, British Journal of Nutrition.

[25]  Youxin Wang,et al.  Increasing Incidence of Thyroid Cancer in Shanghai, China, 1983-2007 , 2011, Asia-Pacific journal of public health.

[26]  Arthur Getis,et al.  Reflections on spatial autocorrelation , 2007 .

[27]  Elisabeth Cardis,et al.  Risk of thyroid cancer after exposure to 131I in childhood. , 2005, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[28]  S. Van Uum,et al.  Is lower socioeconomic status associated with more advanced thyroid cancer stage at presentation? A study in two Canadian centers. , 2014, Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association.