Wavelength-dependent spot defects on advanced embedded attenuated phase-shift masks

At the challenging ground rules required for 90 nm and 65 nm photomask production, new types of photomask defects are becoming increasingly prevalent. This paper discusses one particular new defect type found on critical 90 nm embedded attenuated phase-shift masks (EAPSMs). These defects had varying transmission characteristics depending on the wavelength used for analysis. Given that photomask inspection wavelength has historically lagged behind lithography wavelength, this type of defect can go undetected and poses a grave risk to wafer lithography yield. Detection and characterization methodologies will be presented along with aerial image analysis and wafer print evaluation results.