Efficient traffic load reduction algorithms for mitigating query hotspots for wireless sensor networks

In query-based wireless sensor networks WSNs, a hotspot may cause the heavy power consumption due to the frequent query request among nodes for specific events. A hotspot leads to the fluctuation of traffic flow and the unbalanced energy among those neighbouring nodes. To mitigate the hotspot phenomenon, a target region with the fluctuation of traffic flow around the hotspot to handle the unbalance traffic load is constructed first. In this paper, we propose two algorithms for mitigating query hotspots, distance-based mobile agent selection DMAS and greedy-based mobile agent selection GMAS. The boundary node equipped with mobile agent is called limb node that moves around the hotspot. Experiment results include the comparisons of hotspot rate and total energy consumption, hotspot traffic rate with different RT value query frequency, and the effect of the hotspot overlay avoidance. The results show that DMAS and GMAS can mitigate the traffic rate of hotspot about 50%, effectively.

[1]  Charles E. Perkins,et al.  Highly Dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) for mobile computers , 1994, SIGCOMM.

[2]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  EmStar: A Software Environment for Developing and Deploying Wireless Sensor Networks , 2004, USENIX ATC, General Track.

[3]  Mani B. Srivastava,et al.  An environmental energy harvesting framework for sensor networks , 2003, ISLPED '03.

[4]  James Newsome,et al.  GEM: Graph EMbedding for routing and data-centric storage in sensor networks without geographic information , 2003, SenSys '03.

[5]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  Data-Centric Storage in Sensornets with GHT, a Geographic Hash Table , 2003, Mob. Networks Appl..

[6]  Jian Li,et al.  Analytical modeling and mitigation techniques for the energy hole problem in sensor networks , 2007, Pervasive Mob. Comput..

[7]  Albert Levi,et al.  Quarantine region scheme to mitigate spam attacks in wireless-sensor networks , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[8]  Young-Jin Kim,et al.  Multi-dimensional range queries in sensor networks , 2003, SenSys '03.

[9]  Tian He,et al.  StarDust: a flexible architecture for passive localization in wireless sensor networks , 2006, SenSys '06.

[10]  Ying Li,et al.  Energy-Saving Data Approximation for Data and Queries in Sensor Networks , 2006, 2006 6th International Conference on ITS Telecommunications.

[11]  Christian Y. A. Brenninkmeijer,et al.  An Architecture for Query Optimization in Sensor Networks , 2008, 2008 IEEE 24th International Conference on Data Engineering.

[12]  Thomas F. La Porta,et al.  Dynamic proxy tree-based data dissemination schemes for wireless sensor networks , 2004, 2004 IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Systems (IEEE Cat. No.04EX975).

[13]  V.W.S. Wong,et al.  An energy-aware spanning tree algorithm for data aggregation in wireless sensor networks , 2005, PACRIM. 2005 IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications, Computers and signal Processing, 2005..

[14]  S. Verma,et al.  Querying Video Sensor Networks , 2007, 2007 Third International Conference on Wireless Communication and Sensor Networks.

[15]  Ren-Hung Hwang,et al.  Peer-to-Peer Video-On-Demand service in NUWeb , 2012, Int. J. Ad Hoc Ubiquitous Comput..

[16]  Sajal K. Das,et al.  Promoting Heterogeneity, Mobility, and Energy-Aware Voronoi Diagram in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems.

[17]  David S. Johnson,et al.  Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness , 1978 .

[18]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  Data-centric storage in sensornets , 2003, CCRV.

[19]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  Directed diffusion: a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks , 2000, MobiCom '00.

[20]  Dong Xuan,et al.  An adaptive zone-based storage architecture for wireless sensor networks , 2005, GLOBECOM '05. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2005..

[21]  José D. P. Rolim,et al.  Energy balanced data propagation in wireless sensor networks , 2006, Wirel. Networks.

[22]  Kirk Pruhs,et al.  KDDCS: a load-balanced in-network data-centric storage scheme for sensor networks , 2006, CIKM '06.

[23]  Vincent Tam,et al.  Efficient event and query distribution in sensor networks , 2005, 2005 International Conference on Collaborative Computing: Networking, Applications and Worksharing.

[24]  Anandha Gopalan,et al.  Load-Balancing Query Hotspots for Next-Generation Sensornet , 2007, IEEE GLOBECOM 2007 - IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference.

[25]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Sensor Networks , 2002, Encyclopedia of GIS.

[26]  Kirk Pruhs,et al.  Zone sharing: a hot-spots decomposition scheme for data-centric storage in sensor networks , 2005, DMSN '05.

[27]  John A. Stankovic,et al.  LUSTER: wireless sensor network for environmental research , 2007, SenSys '07.

[28]  David E. Culler,et al.  Telos: enabling ultra-low power wireless research , 2005, IPSN 2005. Fourth International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks, 2005..

[29]  M.A. Bassiouni,et al.  Hotspot Preventing Routing Algorithm for Delay-Sensitive Biomedical Sensor Networks , 2007, 2007 IEEE International Conference on Portable Information Devices.