LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY : The Effect of Pattern on Process 1

Consideration of spatial dynamics in many areas of ecology has received increased attention during the past decade. For example, the role of disturbance in creating and maintaining a spatial mosaic in the rocky intertidal zone was studied. Patch size could be predicted very well by using a model based on past patterns of disturbance and on measured patterns of mussel movement and recruitment. The dynamics of many natural disturbances and their effects on the spatial mosaic have received considerable study in a variety of terrestrial and aquatic systems. This paper demonstrates that a long history of ecological studies provides a basis for the study of spatial patterns and landscape-level processes. However, the emphasis previously was on describing the processes that created the patterns observed in the biota. The explicit effects of spatial patterns on ecological processes have not been well studied; the emphasis on pattern and process is what differentiates landscape ecology from other ecological disciplines. Therefore, this review focuses on the characterization of landscape patterns and their effects on ecological processes.

[1]  V. Meentemeyer,et al.  The Geography of Organic Decomposition Rates , 1984 .

[2]  J. T. Curtis,et al.  The Vegetation of Wisconsin: An Ordination of Plant Communities. , 1960 .

[3]  R. Orbach,et al.  Dynamics of Fractal Networks , 1986, Science.

[4]  R. Macarthur.  Mathematical Ecology and Its Place among the Sciences. (Book Reviews: Geographical Ecology. Patterns in the Distribution of Species) , 1974 .

[5]  B. Mclellan,et al.  Grizzly bears and resource-extraction industries: effects of roads on behaviour, habitat use and demography , 1988 .

[6]  M. Turner.  Land use changes and net primary production in the Georgia, USA, landscape: 1935–1982 , 1987 .

[7]  R. O'Neill.  A Hierarchical Concept of Ecosystems. , 1986 .

[8]  F. Clements.  Scientific Books: Plant Succession. An Analysis of the Development of Vegetation , 2009 .

[9]  L. E. Asmussen,et al.  Nutrient Cycling in an Agricultural Watershed: I. Phreatic Movement , 1984 .

[10]  William H. Romme,et al.  Landscape Diversity: The Concept Applied to Yellowstone Park , 1982 .

[11]  Cunshen Lin,et al.  Graphic display of two- and three-dimensional Markov computer models in geology , 1984 .

[12]  W. Baker.  Landscape ecology and nature reserve design in the boundary waters canoe area, Minnesota , 1989 .

[13]  P. White,et al.  Natural disturbance and patch dynamics: an introduction. , 1985 .

[14]  R. Macarthur,et al.  The Theory of Island Biogeography , 1969 .

[15]  T. Givnish.  SEROTINY, GEOGRAPHY, AND FIRE IN THE PINE BARRENS OF NEW JERSEY , 1981, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[16]  R. Forman,et al.  Boundary Form Effects on Woody Colonization of Reclaimed Surface Mines , 1989 .

[17]  L. Fahrig,et al.  Habitat Patch Connectivity and Population Survival , 1985 .

[18]  Kathryn E. Freemark,et al.  Importance of area and habitat heterogeneity to bird assemblages in temperate forest fragments , 1986 .

[19]  Elgene O. Box,et al.  Scale Effects in Landscape Studies , 1987 .

[20]  J. R. Wallis,et al.  Some ecological consequences of a computer model of forest growth , 1972 .

[21]  John A. Wiens,et al.  POPULATION RESPONSES TO *:4102 PATCHY ENVIRONMENTS , 1976 .

[22]  Frederick J. Swanson,et al.  Landform Effects on Ecosystem Patterns and Processes , 1988 .

[23]  Monica G. Turner,et al.  Fire, grazing, and the landscape heterogeneity of a Georgia barrier island , 1987 .

[24]  D. H. Knight.  Parasites, Lightning, and the Vegetation Mosaic in Wilderness Landscapes , 1987 .

[25]  Earl D. McCoy,et al.  Identifying Biotic Boundaries Along Environmental Gradients , 1986 .

[26]  Virginia H. Dale.  Wind dispersed seeds and plant recovery on the Mount St. Helens debris avalanche , 1989 .

[27]  G. Merriam,et al.  Patchy environments and species survival: Chipmunks in an agricultural mosaic , 1985 .

[28]  C. Tucker,et al.  Satellite remote sensing of primary production , 1986 .

[29]  Zev Naveh,et al.  Landscape Ecology as an Emerging Branch of Human Ecosystem Science , 1982 .

[30]  Harold A. Mooney,et al.  Disturbance and Ecosystems , 1983, Ecological Studies.

[31]  W. Musser,et al.  Relationship between increased crop acreage and nonpoint-source pollution: A Georgia case study , 1981 .

[32]  W. Parton,et al.  The role of cattle in the volatile loss of nitrogen from a shortgrass steppe , 1986 .

[33]  R. Forman,et al.  Patches and Structural Components for A Landscape Ecology , 1981 .

[34]  Virginia H. Dale,et al.  Assessing regional impacts of growth declines using a forest succession model , 1987 .

[35]  A. Watt,et al.  Pattern and process in the plant community , 1947 .

[36]  W. Parton,et al.  Primary Production of the Central Grassland Region of the United States , 1988 .

[37]  F. Sklar,et al.  Articulation, accuracy and effectiveness of mathematical models: A review of freshwater wetland applications☆ , 1985 .

[38]  Lenore Fahrig,et al.  Effect of Spatial Arrangement of Habitat Patches on Local Population Size , 1988 .

[39]  Bruce T. Milne,et al.  Peninsulas in Maine: Woody Plant Diversity, Distance, and Environmental Patterns , 1986 .

[40]  I. Schlosser,et al.  Riparian vegetation and channel morphology impact on spatial patterns of water quality in agricultural watersheds , 1981 .

[41]  Monica G. Turner,et al.  A spatial simulation model of land use changes in a Piedmont county in Georgia , 1988 .

[42]  Reed F. Noss,et al.  A Regional Landscape Approach to Maintain Diversity , 1983 .

[43]  P. Risser.  Landscape Ecology: State of the Art , 1987 .

[44]  E. Maarel.  Ecological Principles for Physical Planning , 1978 .

[45]  W. Parton,et al.  Analysis of factors controlling soil organic matter levels in Great Plains grasslands , 1987 .

[46]  Derek W. Bailey,et al.  Large Herbivore Foraging and Ecological HierarchiesLandscape ecology can enhance traditional foraging theory , 1987 .

[47]  R. Burgess,et al.  Quantitative analysis of forest island pattern in selected Ohio landscapes , 1981 .

[48]  S. McNaughton,et al.  Serengeti Grassland Ecology: The Role of Composite Environmental Factors and Contingency in Community Organization , 1983 .

[49]  Larry D. Harris,et al.  Nodes, networks, and MUMs: Preserving diversity at all scales , 1986 .

[50]  K. G. McNaughton,et al.  Stomatal Control of Transpiration: Scaling Up from Leaf to Region , 1986 .

[51]  J. M. Bassett,et al.  The Pine barrens of New Jersey , 1929 .

[52]  D. Riskind,et al.  Patch-Within-Patch Restoration of Man-Modified Landscapes Within Texas State Parks , 1987 .

[53]  J. Luvall,et al.  Measurements of short-term thermal responses of coniferous forest canopies using thermal scanner data , 1989 .

[54]  Hal Caswell,et al.  Community Structure: A Neutral Model Analysis , 1976 .

[55]  G. Whitney,et al.  A case study of woodland continuity and change in the American Midwest , 1985 .

[56]  W. Romme,et al.  FIRE AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY IN SUBALPINE FORESTS OF YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK , 1982 .

[57]  J. Ellis,et al.  Errata: Feeding Ecology and Niche Separation in Some Native and Domestic Ungulates on the shortgrass Prairie , 1981 .

[58]  David R. Foster,et al.  Disturbance history, community organization and vegetation dynamics of the old-growth pisgah forest, South-Western New Hampshire, U.S.A , 1988 .

[59]  Theoretical approach to regional environmental conflicts , 1983 .

[60]  L. Hansson.  On the Importance of Landscape Heterogeneity in Northern Regions for the Breeding Population Densities of Homeotherms: A General Hypothesis , 1979 .

[61]  Edward J. Rykiel,et al.  Towards a definition of ecological disturbance , 1985 .

[62]  G. Guntenspergen,et al.  Vegetation Dynamics in a Southern Wisconsin Agricultural Landscape , 1987 .

[63]  J. Gosz,et al.  Long‐Path Ftir Measurement of Atmospheric Trace Gas Concentrations , 1988 .

[64]  H. Gleason,et al.  The individualistic concept of the plant association , 1939 .

[65]  Virginia H. Dale,et al.  Using sensitivity and uncertainty analyses to improve predictions of broad-scale forest development , 1988 .

[66]  I. Schlosser,et al.  WATER QUALITY IN AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS: IMPACT OF RIPARIAN VEGETATION DURING BASE FLOW , 1981 .

[67]  D. DeAngelis,et al.  New Computer Models Unify Ecological TheoryComputer simulations show that many ecological patterns can be explained by interactions among individual organisms , 1988 .

[68]  David R. Foster,et al.  Species and stand response to catastrophic wind in central New England, U.S.A , 1988 .

[69]  A. Vink,et al.  Landscape Ecology and Land Use. , 1984 .

[70]  Zev Naveh,et al.  LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY: THEORY AND APPLICATION , 1983, Landscape Journal.

[71]  P. Burrough.  Principles of Geographical Information Systems for Land Resources Assessment , 1986 .

[72]  V. Meentemeyer,et al.  Macroclimate and Lignin Control of Litter Decomposition Rates , 1978 .

[73]  Robert H. Whittaker,et al.  Vegetation of the Great Smoky Mountains , 1956 .

[74]  R. Paine,et al.  Intertidal Landscapes: Disturbance and the Dynamics of Pattern , 1981 .

[75]  Monica G. Turner,et al.  Landscape Heterogeneity and Disturbance , 2011, Ecological Studies.

[76]  N. Caine.  Elevational contrasts in contemporary geomorphic activity in the Colorado front range , 1984 .

[77]  John A. Wiens,et al.  Chapter 10 – Vertebrate Responses to Environmental Patchiness in Arid and Semiarid Ecosystems , 1985 .

[78]  Frederic E. Clements,et al.  Nature and Structure of the Climax , 1936 .

[79]  J. Gosz,et al.  Boundary dynamics: a conceptual framework for studying landscape ecosystems , 1985 .

[80]  S. McNaughton,et al.  Ecology of a Grazing Ecosystem: The Serengeti , 1985 .

[81]  Alan Hastings,et al.  Extinction in Subdivided Habitats , 1987 .

[82]  D. Correll,et al.  Nutrient dynamics in an agricultural watershed: Observations on the role of a riparian forest , 1984 .

[83]  G. Bonan,et al.  Niche theory and community organization , 1988 .

[84]  N. Wrigley,et al.  Quantitative geography : a British view , 1981 .

[85]  Scott J. Goetz,et al.  Landscape pattern and successional dynamics in the boreal forest , 1987 .

[86]  H. Shugart.  A Theory of Forest Dynamics , 1984 .

[87]  G. Likens,et al.  Pattern and process in a forested ecosystem. , 1979 .

[88]  C. Dickman.  Habitat fragmentation and vertebrate species richness in an urban environment , 1987 .

[89]  R. O'Neill,et al.  Landscape patterns in a disturbed environment , 1987 .

[90]  R. J. Gutiérrez,et al.  Ecology and management of the spotted owl in the Pacific Northwest. , 1985 .

[91]  Benoit B. Mandelbrot,et al.  Fractal Geometry of Nature , 1984 .

[92]  Biogeochemistry research needs: observations from the ecosystem studies program of The National Science Foundation , 1986 .

[93]  John Wegner,et al.  Movements by Birds and Small Mammals Between a Wood and Adjoining Farmland Habitats , 1979 .

[94]  H. H. Shugart,et al.  Chapter 20 – Modeling Forest Landscapes and the Role of Disturbance in Ecosystems and Communities , 1985 .

[95]  P. Gersmehl,et al.  Migration Models for Grasses in the American Midcontinent , 1985 .

[96]  H. Gleason,et al.  The Structure and Development of the Plant Association , 1917 .

[97]  Linda A. Joyce,et al.  Regional multiresource models in a national framework , 1986 .

[98]  D. Walker,et al.  Cumulative Impacts of Oil Fields on Northern Alaskan Landscapes , 1987, Science.

[99]  Donald A. Jameson,et al.  Parallel and vector processing in landscape dynamics , 1988 .

[100]  J. Wolff,et al.  The Role of Habitat Patchiness in the Population Dynamics of Snowshoe Hares , 1980 .

[101]  John Pastor,et al.  Response of northern forests to CO2-induced climate change , 1988, Nature.

[102]  H. H. Shugart,et al.  Ecological Modeling of Landscape Dynamics , 1983 .

[103]  Ronald P. Neilson,et al.  Biogeography of two southwest American oaks in relation to atmospheric dynamics , 1983 .